TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
1954 (5) TMI 28
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....a measure of relief to them, the Central and the Provincial Governments sanctioned a grant of grain allowances to them under various Resolutions passed in 1940. The scheme adopted by the Central Government was that its employees stationed in various Provinces received the same benefit as the respective Provincial Government employees. But this scheme was found to be unsuitable for employees of the Central Government, as the allowances granted by the Provincial Governments were not uniform. On 10th May, 1946, the Central Government appointed a Central Pay Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, to enquire into and-report on the conditions of service of its employees with particular reference to I 'the structure of their pay scales 'and standards of remuneration with the object of achieving a rationalisation, simplification and uniformity to the fullest degree possible." The Commission, which was presided over by Sir S. Varadachariar, recommended by its report dated 3rd May, 1947, the grant of dearness allowance on a specified scale. On 27th May, 1947, the Government of Central Provinces and Berar appointed a Pay Committee, hereinafter referred to as the C....
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....tence for them." The Government contested the petition on the grounds, firstly, that the claim for dearness allowance was not justiciable, and secondly, that the difference in the scales of dearness allowance adopted by the Commission and by the Committee did not violate article 14. The learned Judges (Sinha C.J. and Bhutt J.) held that under the rules dearness allowance was placed on the same footing as pay, and that the claim relating thereto was therefore justiciable; and that the differentiation made between the employees of the Central Government and of the State Government in the matter of the grant of dearness allowance rested on "no intelligible and reasonable basis," and that the Resolution dated 16th September, 1948, was therefore bad. They accordingly issued a direction to the State Government that they do reconsider the question of dearness allowance payable to the employees concerned. It is against this judgment that the present appeal has been preferred by the State Government on a certificate granted under article 132(1) of the Constitution. It is argued on behalf of the appellant firstly that grant of dearness allowance is a matter ex gratia and not....
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.... F.C.R. 89. maintainable. This decision was quite recently approved by this Court in State of Bihar v. Abdul Majid(1), wherein it was pointed out that salary was not in the nature of a bounty, and that whatever was recoverable by a Petition of Rights in England could be recovered by action in this country. This question may therefore now be taken to be settled beyond controversy. But we are not concerned in the present proceedings with any debt payable by the Government. The claim is not to recover arrears of dearness allowance which had accrued due under the rules in force relating thereto. The claim now put forward its to compel the Government to grant dearness allowance at a particular rate, and under Rule 44 of the Fundamental Rules, such a claim is a matter of grace and not a matter of right. In England, no petition of right will lie in respect of such a claim. The position is thus stated in Halsbury's Laws of England, Volume IX, page 688, Note (s) @: " It is erroneous to suppose that a petition of right will lie for matters which are of grace and not of right. [De Bode (Baron) v. R.(2).]" That is also the law in this country where an action is a substitute f....
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....er the Constitution, the Union and the States are distinct entities, each having its own executive and Legislature, with their powers well-defined. Article 12 defines "the State" as including the Government and the Legislature of each of the States. Article 13(2) enacts that the State shall not make any laws taking away, or abridging the rights conferred by Part III, and article 14 enacts that, "The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India." On these provisions, the position is that when a law is impugned under article 13, what the Court has to decide is whether that law contravenes any of the provisions of Part III. If it-decides that it does, it has to declare it void; if it decides that it does not, it has to uphold it. The power of the Court to declare a law void under article 13 has to be exercised with reference to the specific legislation which is impugned. It is conceivable that when the same Legislature enacts two different laws but in substance they form one legislation, it might be open to the Court to disregard the form and treat them as one law and strike it down, i....