AI OCR 
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
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....e to use and how to recognise in the financial statements the financial effect of changes in exchange rates. Scope 1. This Standard should be applied: (a) in accounting for transactions in foreign currencies; and (b) in translating the financial statements of foreign operations. 2. This Standard also deals with accounting for foreign currency transactions in the nature of forward exchange contracts.^[2] 3. This Standard does not specify the currency in which an enterprise presents its financial statements. However, an enterprise normally uses the currency of the country in which it is domiciled. If it uses a different currency, this Standard requires disclosure of the reason for using that currency. This Standard also requires disclosure of the reason for any change in the reporting currency. 4. This Standard does not deal with the restatement of an enterprise's financial statements from its reporting currency into another currency for the convenience of users accustomed to that currency or for similar purposes. 5. This Standard does not deal with the presentation in a cash flow statement of c....
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....reign currency, including transactions arising when an enterprise either: (a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a foreign currency; (b) borrows or lends funds when the amounts payable or receivable are denominated in a foreign currency; (c) becomes a party to an unperformed forward exchange contract; or (d) otherwise acquires or disposes of assets, or incurs or settles liabilities, denominated in a foreign currency. 9. A foreign currency transaction should be recorded, on initial recognition in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. 10. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreli....
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.... or as expenses in the period in which they arise, with the exception of exchange differences dealt with in accordance with paragraph 15. 14. An exchange difference results when there is a change in the exchange rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement of any monetary items arising from a foreign currency transaction. When the transaction is settled within the same accounting period as that in which it occurred, all the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the transaction is settled in a subsequent accounting period, the exchange difference recognised in each intervening period up to the period of settlement is determined by the change in exchange rates during that period. Net Investment in a Non-integral Foreign Operation 15. Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprise's net investment in a non-integral foreign operation should be accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve in the enterprise's financial statements until the disposal of the net investment, at which time they should be recognised as income or as expenses in accordance with paragraph 31. 16....
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.... 20. The following are indications that a foreign operation is a non-integral foreign operation rather than an integral foreign operation: (a) while the reporting enterprise may control the foreign operation, the activities of the foreign operation are carried out with a significant degree of autonomy from those of the reporting enterprise; (b) transactions with the reporting enterprise are not a high proportion of the foreign operation's activities; (c) the activities of the foreign operation are financed mainly from its own operations or local borrowings rather than from the reporting enterprise; (d) costs of labour, material and other components of the foreign operation's products or services are primarily paid or settled in the local currency rather than in the reporting currency; (e) the foreign operation's sales are mainly in currencies other than the reporting currency; (f) cash flows of the reporting enterprise are insulated from the day-to-day activities of the fo....
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.... is necessary in the financial statements of the foreign operation. Alternatively, an adjustment in the financial statements of the foreign operation may need to be reversed in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise. 23. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable. Non-integral Foreign Operations 24. In translating the financial statements of a non-integral foreign operation for incorporation in its financial statements, the reporting enterprise should use the following procedures: (a) the assets and liabilities, both monetary and non-monetary, of the non-integral foreign operation should be translated at the closing rate; (b) income and expense items of the non-integral foreign operation should be translated at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and  ....
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....-term, cannot be eliminated against a corresponding amount arising on other intra-group balances because the monetary item represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes the reporting enterprise to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations. Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting enterprise, such an exchange difference continues to be recognised as income or an expense or, if it arises from the circumstances described in paragraph 15, it is accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve until the disposal of the net investment. 30. When the financial statements of a non-integral foreign operation are drawn up to a different reporting date from that of the reporting enterprise, the non-integral foreign operation often prepares, for purposes of incorporation in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise, statements as at the same date as the reporting enterprise. When it is impracticable to do this, AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements, allows the use of financial statements drawn up to a different reporting date provided that the difference is no greater than six months and adjustments are made for t....
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....ation is financed and operates in relation to the reporting enterprise may lead to a change in the classification of that foreign operation. When a foreign operation that is integral to the operations of the reporting enterprise is reclassified as a non-integral foreign operation, exchange differences arising on the translation of non-monetary assets at the date of the reclassification are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve. When a non-integral foreign operation is reclassified as an integral foreign operation, the translated amounts for non-monetary items at the date of the change are treated as the historical cost for those items in the period of change and subsequent periods. Exchange differences which have been deferred are not recognised as income or expenses until the disposal of the operation. All Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Tax Effects of Exchange Differences 35. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations may have associated tax effects which are accounted for in accordance with AS 22, Accounting for Taxes on Income. Forward Exchange....
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....e contract intended for trading or speculation purposes, the premium or discount on the contract is ignored and at each balance sheet date, the value of the contract is marked to its current market value and the gain or loss on the contract is recognised. Disclosure 40. An enterprise should disclose: (a) the amount of exchange differences included in the net profit or loss for the period; and (b) net exchange differences accumulated in foreign currency translation reserve as a separate component of shareholders' funds, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange differences at the beginning and end of the period. 41. When the reporting currency is different from the currency of the country in which the enterprise is domiciled, the reason for using a different currency should be disclosed. The reason for any change in the reporting currency should also be disclosed. 42. When there is a change in the classification of a significant foreign operation, an enterprise should disclose: (a) the nature of the change in classification; (b) ....
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.... exercise of this option, an asset or liability shall be designated as a long-term foreign currency monetary item, if the asset or liability is expressed in a foreign currency and has a term of 12 months or more at the date of origination of the asset or liability. Any difference pertaining to accounting periods which commenced on or after 7th December, 2006, previously recognized in the profit and loss account before the exercise of the option shall be reversed insofar as it relates to the acquisition of a depreciable capital asset by addition or deduction from the cost of the asset and in other cases by transfer to "Foreign Currency Monetary Item Translation Difference Account" in both cases, by debit or credit, as the case may be, to the general reserve. If the option stated in this paragraph is exercised, disclosure shall be made of the fact of such exercise of such option and of the amount remaining to be amortized in the financial statements of the period in which such option is exercised and in every subsequent period so long as any exchange difference remains unamortized. ^10[46A. (1) In respect of accounting periods commencing on or after the 1st April, 2011, for an ent....
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.... into to hedge the foreign currency risks of future transactions in respect of which firm commitments are made or which are highly probable forecast transactions. A 'firm commitment' is a binding agreement for the exchange of a specified quantity of resources at a specified price on a specified future date or dates and a 'forecast transaction' is an uncommitted but anticipated future transaction. [3] As defined in AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements. [4] As defined in AS 23, Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial Statements. [5] As defined in AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures. [6] It may be noted that the accounting treatment of exchange differences contained in this Standard is required to be followed irrespective of the relevant provisions of Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956. [7] This Standard is applicable to exchange differences on all forward exchange contracts including those entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of existing assets and liabilities and is not applicable to the exchange difference arising on forward exchange contracts entered into to hedge t....