Circumvention of anti-dumping duty redefined to include assembly, alterations and trade routing that undermine duties. Amendments refine related-party criteria to cases of direct or indirect control or joint control causing divergent producer behaviour and introduce period of investigation as the timeframe for examining dumping. They permit extension of duties to cooperative un-sampled or non-investigated exporters/producers, require the investigation period to be recent and ordinarily twelve months with specified minimum and maximum flexibility, and expand circumvention definitions to cover assembly from imported parts with low value addition, alteration of product description or routing through non-subject entities, while clarifying cumulative assessment conditions for multi-country investigations.