Beijing, Sep 2 (AP) Chinese leader Xi Jinping welcomed Russian President Vladimir Putin as an “old friend” as the two held a series of meetings Tuesday at a time when their countries face both overlapping and differing challenges from the United States.

Relations between China and Russia have deepened in recent years, particularly following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022.

US President Donald Trump's unorthodox approach to the war has added a twist to the relationship but doesn't appear to have fundamentally changed it.

Putin addressed Xi as “dear friend” and said that Moscow's ties with Beijing are “at an unprecedentedly high level.” In a sign of the importance China places on the relationship, their formal meeting was followed by tea with top aides at Zhongnanhai, the walled complex that is the centre of power in China with residences and offices for its top leaders.

China announced after the talks that it would begin offering 30-day visa-free access to Russian travellers starting later this month.

The talks come the day after both attended a summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in the nearby Chinese city of Tianjin, and the day before a grand Chinese military parade in Beijing to mark the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II.

The Soviet Union was neutral for much of the war in Asia, but provided assistance to China in earlier fighting against invading Japanese forces in the 1930s. It also declared war on Japan in the waning days of World War II and sent troops over the border into Japanese-occupied northeastern China.

"We were always together then, we remain together now,” Putin said.

China says it is neutral in the Ukraine war but has provided an economic lifeline to Russia by continuing trade despite Western sanctions.

A memorandum was signed to build another natural gas pipeline to China, Gazprom CEO Alexei Miller said in Beijing, according to Russia's Interfax news agency.

The Russian state gas company also signed agreements with a Chinese state energy company to increase deliveries via existing routes, the news agency said.

The US and the European Union have also put sanctions on Chinese companies that they say have abetted Russia's military industry.

“China and Russia face the same problem and must work together to jointly cope with the pressure from the US,” said Li Xin, the director of the Institute of European and Asian Studies at Shanghai University of Political Science and Law.

China is also one of the main targets of Trump's taxes on imports, though he has backed down from what was an escalating tariff war and his administration has begun negotiations with Beijing on a trade deal.

The summit of the 10-member Shanghai Cooperation Organisation brought Xi and Putin together with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who held separate talks with both leaders on the sidelines of the Tianjin meeting.

US President Donald Trump's steep tariffs on India and the tone coming from the White House have pushed New Delhi closer to China and Russia, though Modi will not attend China's military parade.

Xi has tried to position China as a leader of countries that feel disadvantaged by the US-dominated, post-World War II order.

At the Shanghai Cooperation summit and again in his meetings with Putin, he proposed an initiative to build “a more just and equitable global governance system.” China doesn't want to overturn the global order but change it so it better serves its interests, Li said.

"China and Russia do not yet have the power to change the world order but they are constantly pushing for reforms that benefit them,” he said.

Putin and Xi held a three-way meeting with Mongolian President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa ahead of their talks. His landlocked country of grasslands and mineral resources is sandwiched between the two giants.

Putin said in opening remarks that the three countries are good neighbours, with a shared interest in developing ties.

In 2024, Putin made an official visit to Mongolia, where the government ignored calls to arrest him on an International Criminal Court warrant for alleged war crimes stemming from the invasion of Ukraine. (AP) GSP

Sanctions and trade measures drive closer economic cooperation, prompting visa liberalisation and new energy supply agreements. Leaders announced a visa-free access measure for short-term travellers and advanced state-linked energy agreements, including a memorandum to build an additional natural gas pipeline and contracts to increase deliveries via existing routes, creating a framework for sustained bilateral energy supply. These steps are presented as coordinated responses to extraterritorial sanctions and trade restrictions that have targeted entities alleged to support military industries, while tariff policies and trade negotiations shape regional alignments and incentives for closer economic cooperation.