<h1>Legal risks and compliance for graphene-enhanced pavement collaboration: IP, procurement, environmental permits, product liability, data-sharing, conflict-of-interest</h1> A private advanced-materials company and a national road-research institute executed a memorandum of agreement to develop and pilot graphene-enhanced rigid and flexible pavements. The collaboration contemplates joint R&D, technology validation, and potential scale-up to reduce binder use and associated carbon emissions while improving pavement durability. Legal issues likely to arise include allocation of intellectual property and licensing rights, compliance with public procurement and infrastructure standards, regulatory approvals and environmental permitting for nano-materials, product liability and performance warranties for deployed pavements, and data-sharing/confidentiality arrangements. Deployment in public projects may also trigger conflict-of-interest scrutiny and require conformity with national technical standards and climate-policy commitments.