FOB transaction value and export incentives: customs valuation cannot override contractual export benefits or support confiscation without valid proof...
Cash can fall within the wide definition of property under the PBPT Act, and where funds are transferred through entities controlled by another person and later routed back, both the transfer and temporary holding may satisfy section 2(9)(A); the routed entities are treated as benamidars and the provider as beneficial owner. Disclosure in an income-tax return or payment of tax does not, by itself, bar PBPT proceedings because the Act operates alongside the Income-tax Act and serves a distinct confiscatory purpose. Where tax has already been paid on the routed amount, the attachable benami property may be reduced to that extent. In a running business, transformed assets such as stock and receivables may remain attachable as converted form of benami property.
Cash can fall within the wide definition of property under the PBPT Act, and where funds are transferred through entities controlled by another person and later routed back, both the transfer and temporary holding may satisfy section 2(9)(A); the routed entities are treated as benamidars and the provider as beneficial owner. Disclosure in an income-tax return or payment of tax does not, by itself, bar PBPT proceedings because the Act operates alongside the Income-tax Act and serves a distinct confiscatory purpose. Where tax has already been paid on the routed amount, the attachable benami property may be reduced to that extent. In a running business, transformed assets such as stock and receivables may remain attachable as converted form of benami property.
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