Fraudulent trading requires cogent evidence of intent to defraud; ordinary-course payments protected, except post-insolvency withdrawals must be resto...
Religious purpose exclusion versus charitable purpose: non overriding religious objects do not attract Explanation 3, registration directed under sect...
Search-assessment proviso jurisdiction, time-barred valuation reports, and denial of cross-examination vitiate valuation-based and confession-based ad...
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A challenge to absolute confiscation was held maintainable because it concerned confiscability and reverse-burden issues, not valuation, and the dispute fell within the policy threshold exception. The Court held that reasonable belief under Section 123 is governed by the prudent man test, not the place of seizure; concealment of high-value gold in a waist belt and the surrounding circumstances justified the reverse burden despite the absence of foreign markings. It further held that Section 108 statements remained substantive evidence because the retraction was highly belated and unsupported by coercion. The respondents failed to prove lawful provenance of high-purity bullion, and the order of absolute confiscation with penalties was restored.
A challenge to absolute confiscation was held maintainable because it concerned confiscability and reverse-burden issues, not valuation, and the dispute fell within the policy threshold exception. The Court held that reasonable belief under Section 123 is governed by the prudent man test, not the place of seizure; concealment of high-value gold in a waist belt and the surrounding circumstances justified the reverse burden despite the absence of foreign markings. It further held that Section 108 statements remained substantive evidence because the retraction was highly belated and unsupported by coercion. The respondents failed to prove lawful provenance of high-purity bullion, and the order of absolute confiscation with penalties was restored.
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