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    Customs valuation principles: Rule 7 market surveys require contemporaneous comparable imports; unsupported valuations can be set aside.
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      Complaint under the Negotiable Instruments Act failed to...

      Legally enforceable debt must be shown by corporate records; absent particulars, NI presumption and personal liability do not follow.

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      Indian LawsMarch 13, 2026Case LawsHC
      Complaint under the Negotiable Instruments Act failed to establish a legally enforceable debt because mandatory corporate records, a board resolution, contemporaneous calculations or audited entries proving the claimed brokerage were absent; unsigned and belated letters bore indicia of fabrication and thus the pleaded material did not identify how any amount became payable, rendering the proceeding an abuse of process. Consequently the statutory presumption envisaged for negotiable instruments did not arise where the primary onus to set out particulars was not discharged, and no evidence converted company liabilities into the director's personal liability; the complaint was quashed.

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      ActsIncome Tax