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    Certificate under Section 197 operates for entire assessment year, preventing deductor being treated as assessee in default.
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      Applying the General Rules of Interpretation and Section XVI...

      Principal Function Test confirms GPS radio navigational character, classifying the device as a radio navigational aid.

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      CustomsMarch 12, 2026Case LawsAAR
      Applying the General Rules of Interpretation and Section XVI Note 3, the principal-function test was used to classify a composite tracking device composed of a GPS receiver, sensors and a modem. The device's dominant commercial purpose and essential character derive from GPS-based determination of geographic position; sensors and modem were held ancillary because they supply supplementary metrics and relay GPS-derived data. Accordingly, the device is classifiable as radio navigational aid apparatus and assigned to tariff subheading 8526 91 90 as other radio navigational aid apparatus.

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      ActsIncome Tax