Pre-commencement R&D deduction denied where business had not commenced; deeming benefit requires tangible start of manufacture or commercial exploitat...
Priority of set-off: brought forward business losses must be adjusted before unabsorbed depreciation; procedural safeguards required for invoking rest...
Whether a dependent agent constituted a permanent establishment: the tribunal examined the distribution agreement and found express clauses denying authority to bind the principal, independent purchase/resale on FOB terms, entrepreneurial, inventory and credit risk borne by the local distributor, and absence of evidence that the distributor habitually concluded contracts, maintained stock or secured orders for the foreign enterprise; therefore no Agency PE arose and attribution of 35% of offshore sales to India was rejected. Whether payments to the distributor constituted fees for technical/managerial services: the tribunal held the assessees' provision of software, web/cloud services, training and managerial support fell within "managerial/technical" services under Article 13 and sustained taxation as FTS. - ITAT
Whether a dependent agent constituted a permanent establishment: the tribunal examined the distribution agreement and found express clauses denying authority to bind the principal, independent purchase/resale on FOB terms, entrepreneurial, inventory and credit risk borne by the local distributor, and absence of evidence that the distributor habitually concluded contracts, maintained stock or secured orders for the foreign enterprise; therefore no Agency PE arose and attribution of 35% of offshore sales to India was rejected. Whether payments to the distributor constituted fees for technical/managerial services: the tribunal held the assessees' provision of software, web/cloud services, training and managerial support fell within "managerial/technical" services under Article 13 and sustained taxation as FTS. - ITAT
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