Whether imported arm-and-blade assemblies are complete...

Whether imported arm-and-blade assemblies are complete windscreen wipers or parts: HSN Explanatory Notes define windscreen wipers as motor-driven; absent the motor and drive mechanism the assemblies lack the essential functional character of a complete wiper, so they are classifiable as parts - outcome: classified under CTH 85129000, not CTH 85124000. Application of Rule 2(a) of GIR: Rule 2(a) applies only where the incomplete article substantially represents the complete article; here the absence of the motor (the system's heart) defeats independent functionality, so Rule 2(a) is inapplicable - outcome: cannot treat as complete. Penal liability under s.112(a): mere misclassification without mens rea does not attract penalty; with prior setting aside of confiscation under s.111(m), the penalty is unsustainable and is set aside. - CESTAT