Service of notice and contractual debt acknowledgment preserved insolvency admission against a corporate guarantor despite limitation and natural just...
Original works exemption excludes standalone boulder transportation, leaving subcontracted railway-project transport services subject to service tax l...
Annual production capacity determinations excluding stenter galleries support refunds for unconstitutional excise levies without an unjust-enrichment ...
Vicarious liability for cheque dishonour requires specific allegations of responsibility and cheque signatory; generic director allegations cannot sus...
IT Resilience Index requires market infrastructure institutions to automate resilience scoring, early warnings, and continuous service-delivery monito...
Whether imported arm-and-blade assemblies are complete windscreen wipers or parts: HSN Explanatory Notes define windscreen wipers as motor-driven; absent the motor and drive mechanism the assemblies lack the essential functional character of a complete wiper, so they are classifiable as parts - outcome: classified under CTH 85129000, not CTH 85124000. Application of Rule 2(a) of GIR: Rule 2(a) applies only where the incomplete article substantially represents the complete article; here the absence of the motor (the system's heart) defeats independent functionality, so Rule 2(a) is inapplicable - outcome: cannot treat as complete. Penal liability under s.112(a): mere misclassification without mens rea does not attract penalty; with prior setting aside of confiscation under s.111(m), the penalty is unsustainable and is set aside. - CESTAT
Whether imported arm-and-blade assemblies are complete windscreen wipers or parts: HSN Explanatory Notes define windscreen wipers as motor-driven; absent the motor and drive mechanism the assemblies lack the essential functional character of a complete wiper, so they are classifiable as parts - outcome: classified under CTH 85129000, not CTH 85124000. Application of Rule 2(a) of GIR: Rule 2(a) applies only where the incomplete article substantially represents the complete article; here the absence of the motor (the system's heart) defeats independent functionality, so Rule 2(a) is inapplicable - outcome: cannot treat as complete. Penal liability under s.112(a): mere misclassification without mens rea does not attract penalty; with prior setting aside of confiscation under s.111(m), the penalty is unsustainable and is set aside. - CESTAT
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