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    July 28, 2026   Case LawsGST
    Document Identification Number defects can invalidate GST assessments, with delayed challenges entertained conditionally where patent irregularities e...
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Redemption premium on business-funding FCCBs is revenue expenditure and may be spread across the prescribed maturity period.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Pre-commencement project receipts remain capital when tied to installation, while infrastructure deductions follow the taxpayer's chosen initial year.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Tax deducted at source must be considered before prosecuting delayed return filing where the statutory exception applies.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Windmill commissioning evidence supported higher depreciation where grid connection and electricity generation proved operational use before the relev...
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Notional interest under mercantile accounting cannot be imputed where debtors lack business activity and interest recovery is unsupported.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    India-Netherlands treaty taxation: executive search fees and cost reimbursements may fall outside technical services taxation.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Kachha arhtia turnover excludes principals' sale proceeds; tax-audit penalty fails where no books existed for audit.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Foreign income taxed in final settlement proceedings cannot be reassessed under the Black Money Act, preventing double taxation.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Outright software purchases treated as business profits, eliminating withholding where the foreign seller lacks an Indian permanent establishment.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Interest on partners' running accounts and lender accruals remains deductible where tax is deducted and recipients report income.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Business closure expenditure fails the section 37(1) test, while unsupported estimated foreign exchange loss disallowance cannot stand.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Pharmaceutical promotion and transfer-pricing comparability principles limited disallowances, while uncorroborated search allegations and unsupported ...
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Interest accrual, related investment disallowance, loan genuineness and unquoted-share valuation govern the respective tax adjustments and remand.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Independent corroboration and proven nexus govern additions based on retracted statements, loose sheets, and third-party records.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Business expenditure substantiation supports scrap credits, statutory payments and expense claims, while depreciation requires proof of actual busines...
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIncome Tax
    Bad-debt deduction for share-broking client dues is available on account write-off without proving actual irrecoverability.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsCustoms
    Show cause notice limits and unreliable statements resulted in penalties for alleged courier-based gold smuggling being set aside.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsCustoms
    Customs confiscation requires specific notice, hearing and proof of import contravention before penalties or redemption fine may arise.
    July 28, 2026   Case LawsIBC
    Prior approval for liquidator-initiated arbitration is mandatory, but post facto approval makes invocation effective from the approval date.
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    July 28, 2026   Case Laws GST
    Document Identification Number defects can invalidate GST assessments, with delayed challenges entertained conditionally where patent irregularities exist.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Redemption premium on business-funding FCCBs is revenue expenditure and may be spread across the prescribed maturity period.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Pre-commencement project receipts remain capital when tied to installation, while infrastructure deductions follow the taxpayer's chosen initial year.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Tax deducted at source must be considered before prosecuting delayed return filing where the statutory exception applies.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Windmill commissioning evidence supported higher depreciation where grid connection and electricity generation proved operational use before the relevant date.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Notional interest under mercantile accounting cannot be imputed where debtors lack business activity and interest recovery is unsupported.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    India-Netherlands treaty taxation: executive search fees and cost reimbursements may fall outside technical services taxation.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Kachha arhtia turnover excludes principals' sale proceeds; tax-audit penalty fails where no books existed for audit.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Foreign income taxed in final settlement proceedings cannot be reassessed under the Black Money Act, preventing double taxation.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Outright software purchases treated as business profits, eliminating withholding where the foreign seller lacks an Indian permanent establishment.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Interest on partners' running accounts and lender accruals remains deductible where tax is deducted and recipients report income.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Business closure expenditure fails the section 37(1) test, while unsupported estimated foreign exchange loss disallowance cannot stand.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Pharmaceutical promotion and transfer-pricing comparability principles limited disallowances, while uncorroborated search allegations and unsupported adjustments failed.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Interest accrual, related investment disallowance, loan genuineness and unquoted-share valuation govern the respective tax adjustments and remand.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Independent corroboration and proven nexus govern additions based on retracted statements, loose sheets, and third-party records.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Business expenditure substantiation supports scrap credits, statutory payments and expense claims, while depreciation requires proof of actual business use.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Income Tax
    Bad-debt deduction for share-broking client dues is available on account write-off without proving actual irrecoverability.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Customs
    Show cause notice limits and unreliable statements resulted in penalties for alleged courier-based gold smuggling being set aside.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws Customs
    Customs confiscation requires specific notice, hearing and proof of import contravention before penalties or redemption fine may arise.
    July 28, 2026   Case Laws IBC
    Prior approval for liquidator-initiated arbitration is mandatory, but post facto approval makes invocation effective from the approval date.

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      Home› Highlights › Indian Laws › 2024 › October, 2024 › This
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      Indian Laws

      The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 was enacted to define and...

      Cheque Dishonor Penalties Under Negotiable Instruments Act Upheld; Civil Remedies Unaffected by Money Lenders Act.

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      Indian LawsOctober 18, 2024Case LawsHC
      The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 was enacted to define and amend laws relating to promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. Section 138, introduced through the Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988, provides penalties for dishonor of cheques due to insufficient funds. Subsequent amendments aimed to expedite cases through summary trials and make offenses compoundable. The Supreme Court highlighted the objective of instilling faith in banking operations and preventing dishonesty in drawing cheques without sufficient funds. The Bengal Money Lenders Act, 1940 and Chapter XVII of the Negotiable Instruments Act operate independently with distinct objectives. There is no conflict between provisions, and civil remedies for unlicensed money lenders are not barred by criminal penalties u/s 138. The High Court dismissed the revision application, finding no merit in claims of abuse of process.
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