TDS credit follows taxable income, preventing a former proprietor from claiming deductions attributable to a successor partnership firm.

Commercial expediency supports interest deductions where interest-free advances fund a wholly owned subsidiary's genuine group business project.

Marketing expenditure substantiation may justify limited disallowance, but does not alone establish income misreporting for penalty purposes.

Dealing-error and squared-off derivative losses qualify as allowable business losses when supported by contemporaneous transaction records.

Prohibited versus restricted imports: provisional release remains available where tyre classification and compliance conditions await adjudication.

RoDTEP duty credit for authorised restricted sugar exports cannot be denied where prescribed governmental conditions are fulfilled.

Transaction value cannot be rejected solely on non-statutory valuation guidelines without corroborative evidence supporting reassessment of final cust...

Cross-examination rights and corroborated evidence limit customs penalties for misdeclaration in genuine import transactions involving documented clea...

Tariff classification of vehicle gear components follows the specific gearing entry, displacing motor-vehicle parts classification and related liabili...

Baggage confiscation orders are outside Tribunal appeal jurisdiction and must be challenged through the statutory revision remedy.

Customs penalty for unsubstantiated dealings in confiscated cigarettes was sustained, while an excessive penalty quantum was reduced.

Warehousing-period extension requires reasoned quasi-judicial adjudication, with notice and hearing before any denial takes effect.

Threshold FIR quashing requires prima facie review, leaving alleged forged loan-security documents and parallel prosecution to investigation.

Territorial jurisdiction follows contractual performance, while expired letters of credit do not extinguish underlying export-sale obligations.

Necessary-party requirements limit impleadment of independent entities, while deferred consideration does not create an appealable adverse determinati...

Penalty discretion under FEMA remains intact where a reasoned order is supported by evidence and inadequacy is unproven.

Pre-cognizance hearing under BNSS applies to PMLA complaints, requiring proposed accused to be heard before cognizance is taken.

Proceeds of crime are foundational to money-laundering proceedings, which cannot continue after final discharge in the scheduled offence.

Licensing pre-existing know-how is not consulting engineer service, and pre-section 66A reverse-charge demands fail without statutory authority.

Food supplement classification requires common parlance and authoritative tests, preventing treatment as proprietary Ayurvedic medicines without suppo...