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    Insurance business income under section 44 excludes section 14A disallowance; prohibition-based expense disallowance needs proof of unlawful purpose.
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      Section 141 of the Negotiable Instruments Act extends liability...

      Vicarious liability for dishonoured company cheques may extend to non-signatory directors where complaints contain foundational responsibility averments.

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      Indian LawsAugust 13, 2026Case LawsHC
      Section 141 of the Negotiable Instruments Act extends liability for dishonoured company cheques beyond the signatory to directors who were in charge of and responsible for the company's business when the offence occurred. At the summoning stage, a Magistrate need only determine whether the complaint and supporting material disclose a prima facie case, not whether conviction is supported. Allegations that directors controlled company affairs, together with the petitioner's directorship during relevant transactions, were treated as sufficient foundational averments for trial. Questions concerning actual managerial involvement and non-participation require evidence before the Trial Court. The challenge to the summoning orders and cheque-dishonour proceedings was rejected.

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      ActsIncome Tax