Patent-settlement expenditure treated as commercially expedient revenue outlay, with foreign-law restrictions inapplicable before the prospective amen...
International transaction benchmarking restricts transfer pricing adjustments to associated-enterprise dealings, while functional comparability govern...
Personal liability for cheque dishonour under the Negotiable Instruments Act requires proof of a legally enforceable debt owed by the drawer. Documentary material transferring trust management and liabilities to newly inducted trustees, together with rent receipts recognising payments by the trust's management, supported the position that the alleged dues belonged to the trust rather than the former trustee personally. Uncorroborated allegations of advances did not establish personal liability and could rebut statutory presumptions. An acquittal may be disturbed on appeal only where it is perverse, manifestly illegal, or unsupported by evidence; where two reasonable views are possible, the reinforced presumption of innocence precludes interference.
Personal liability for cheque dishonour under the Negotiable Instruments Act requires proof of a legally enforceable debt owed by the drawer. Documentary material transferring trust management and liabilities to newly inducted trustees, together with rent receipts recognising payments by the trust's management, supported the position that the alleged dues belonged to the trust rather than the former trustee personally. Uncorroborated allegations of advances did not establish personal liability and could rebut statutory presumptions. An acquittal may be disturbed on appeal only where it is perverse, manifestly illegal, or unsupported by evidence; where two reasonable views are possible, the reinforced presumption of innocence precludes interference.
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