Bona fide disclosure requirements govern under-reporting penalties, and post-penalty immunity applications cannot secure available statutory protectio...
Certificate-of-origin verification procedure governs preferential customs benefits; denial without retroactive verification was set aside with consequ...
Disciplinary Committee jurisdiction and mandatory investigation requirements invalidated cancellation of an insolvency professional's registration and...
Retention of seized property survives where recorded reasons support proceeds of crime, while stayed investigation periods are excluded from limitatio...
Financial debt requires disbursement against consideration for the time value of money. A real estate allottee may be deemed to have advanced a debt with the commercial effect of borrowing only where the claimant has disbursed an amount to the corporate debtor. Where a flat is allotted solely to compensate unpaid advertisement service charges under an invoice, no such disbursement occurs. The claim therefore does not constitute financial debt, and the service provider cannot be recognised as a financial creditor under the insolvency framework.
Financial debt requires disbursement against consideration for the time value of money. A real estate allottee may be deemed to have advanced a debt with the commercial effect of borrowing only where the claimant has disbursed an amount to the corporate debtor. Where a flat is allotted solely to compensate unpaid advertisement service charges under an invoice, no such disbursement occurs. The claim therefore does not constitute financial debt, and the service provider cannot be recognised as a financial creditor under the insolvency framework.
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