Pre-commencement R&D deduction denied where business had not commenced; deeming benefit requires tangible start of manufacture or commercial exploitat...
Priority of set-off: brought forward business losses must be adjusted before unabsorbed depreciation; procedural safeguards required for invoking rest...
Section 117 of the Customs Act is a residual penal provision and can be invoked only where no express penalty exists for the same contravention. For a Customs Broker governed by the Customs Broker Licensing Regulations, 2018, the Tribunal held that the Regulations themselves provided the penal framework, so Section 117 could not be used for the alleged due diligence breach. It also found no evidence linking the broker to fraudulent export activity, and the penalty had been imposed only for an alleged regulatory breach. On that basis, the Section 117 penalty was set aside.
Section 117 of the Customs Act is a residual penal provision and can be invoked only where no express penalty exists for the same contravention. For a Customs Broker governed by the Customs Broker Licensing Regulations, 2018, the Tribunal held that the Regulations themselves provided the penal framework, so Section 117 could not be used for the alleged due diligence breach. It also found no evidence linking the broker to fraudulent export activity, and the penalty had been imposed only for an alleged regulatory breach. On that basis, the Section 117 penalty was set aside.
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