Valuation standards for AIF portfolios require prescribed methodologies, independent valuers, and enhanced investor disclosures. A tiered valuation framework mandates that securities covered by mutual fund norms follow those norms, while other securities follow industry endorsed valuation guidelines; Managers must disclose valuation methodology in the PPM. Managers must ensure an independent valuer performs valuations, retain responsibility for true and fair valuation, document any deviations from established policies, notify investors of significant valuation deviations with reasons, treat methodology changes as material and disclose annual PPM details of methodology and accounting changes and their valuation impact.