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of <h1>Bone mill machinery deemed immovable property, dubashee agreement required registration for validity. Appeal allowed.</h1> <h3>Mohammed Ibrahim Versus Northern Circars Fibre Trading Co.</h3> Mohammed Ibrahim Versus Northern Circars Fibre Trading Co. - AIR 1944 Mad 492 Issues Involved:1. Validity of the dubashee agreement due to lack of registration.2. Classification of the machinery as movable or immovable property.3. Applicability of the Registration Act and Transfer of Property Act definitions.4. Test for determining the nature of attachment and intention behind it.Issue-Wise Detailed Analysis:1. Validity of the Dubashee Agreement Due to Lack of Registration:The plaintiffs claimed a first charge on the machinery, stock-in-trade, and goodwill of the business based on an agreement dated 16th November 1933. The agreement was not registered under the Registration Act. The initial judgment dismissed the suit, stating that the agreement was invalid for want of registration, affecting both movable and immovable properties. However, upon appeal, it was held that the movable and immovable assets could be separated, and the charge was valid concerning the movables.2. Classification of the Machinery as Movable or Immovable Property:The primary question was whether the machinery installed at the South India Bone Mills was movable or immovable property. The Subordinate Judge initially ruled that the machinery was movable, as it could be dismantled and removed. However, this decision was challenged, leading to a detailed examination of the nature of the machinery's attachment to the land.3. Applicability of the Registration Act and Transfer of Property Act Definitions:The court examined the definitions of 'movable property' and 'immovable property' under the Registration Act and the Transfer of Property Act. Movable property includes items not permanently attached to the earth, while immovable property includes land, buildings, and things permanently fastened to the earth. The court emphasized that the definitions in both Acts should be construed together as they are in pari materia.4. Test for Determining the Nature of Attachment and Intention Behind It:The court referred to established legal principles to determine whether the machinery was part of the immovable property. The key considerations were the degree and nature of the attachment and the intention behind it. The classic statement from Blackburn J. in Holland v. Hodgson was cited, emphasizing that the intention behind the annexation is crucial. If machinery is attached for the permanent beneficial enjoyment of the land, it becomes part of the land. Conversely, if attached for the beneficial enjoyment of the machinery itself, it remains a chattel.The court also considered the case of Reynolds v. Ashby & Son, where machinery fixed for the purpose of working a factory was deemed part of the land. The court noted that the intention of the party installing the machinery is paramount. In this case, the machinery was installed by the owner of the factory, suggesting a permanent improvement to the premises.Conclusion:The court ultimately concluded that the plant and machinery of the bone mill were immovable property, as they were annexed to the floor of the factory for its beneficial enjoyment. Consequently, the dubashee agreement required registration to be effective. The appeal was allowed, and the suit was dismissed against defendant 5, with the appellant entitled to costs.
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