Taxes on income and capital: treaty defines covered taxes and requires mutual notification of substantial tax law changes. The Convention applies to taxes on income and on capital imposed by either State or its subdivisions, covering taxes on total income or capital and components such as gains from alienation, wages, and capital appreciation. It lists existing taxes in the Netherlands and India as covered examples and extends application to identical or substantially similar taxes enacted later, with a mutual notification duty for substantial legislative changes by the competent authorities.