Dividend withholding limitations restrict source-state taxation of cross-border dividends while preserving PE exceptions. Article 10 permits taxation of dividends in the recipient's State but allows the source State to tax dividends subject to withholding tax limits where the recipient is the beneficial owner; reduced rates depend on shareholding. The article defines dividends to include income from shares and similar corporate rights, preserves taxation of the company's profits, and excludes treaty dividend rules where the beneficial owner's holding is effectively connected to a permanent establishment or fixed base, invoking the business profits or independent personal services provisions instead.
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Provisions expressly mentioned in the judgment/order text.
Dividend withholding limitations restrict source-state taxation of cross-border dividends while preserving PE exceptions.
Article 10 permits taxation of dividends in the recipient's State but allows the source State to tax dividends subject to withholding tax limits where the recipient is the beneficial owner; reduced rates depend on shareholding. The article defines dividends to include income from shares and similar corporate rights, preserves taxation of the company's profits, and excludes treaty dividend rules where the beneficial owner's holding is effectively connected to a permanent establishment or fixed base, invoking the business profits or independent personal services provisions instead.
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