Industrial Tribunal constitution and bench allocation govern adjudication of core employment disputes and continuity after member vacancies.

Industrial Tribunals adjudicate industrial disputes through benches comprising both Judicial and Administrative Members or a single member. Joint benches exclusively decide matters involving standing orders, dismissal or discharge, strike or lockout legality, retrenchment, closure and trade union disputes; other matters may be assigned to single-member benches. Member qualifications, appointment and service conditions are governed by the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2026, while State-prescribed service conditions cannot be altered to a State-appointed member's disadvantage. Proceedings continue from the stage reached when a permanent vacancy is filled.

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