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    competitive taxation structure for shipping companies : Clause 228(14) and (15) of the Income Tax Bi...
    Simplified and concessionary method of taxation based on the net tonnage of qualifying ships, rather...
    computation of tonnage income where ships are jointly operated or where multiple companies are invol...
    Computation of Taxable income of the shipping companies based on Tonnage: Clause 227(1)-(6) of the I...
    Comprehensive Review of the Tonnage Tax Scheme : Clause 226(7) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Sect...
    Presumptive Taxation for Shipping Companies : Clause 226(2)-(6) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 and Sec...
    Examination of "Qualifying Ship" : Clause 235(i) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 115VD of t...
    Defining the Qualifying Company under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 235(h) of the Income Tax B...
    Continuity and Change in India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 226(1) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs....
    Navigating Special Tax Regimes for Shipping : Clause 225 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 11...
    Interpreting Special Provisions for Shipping Companies : Clause 235 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs....
    Special Tax Regimes for Investment Funds : Clause 224 of Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 115UB of ...
    special taxation regime for business trusts such as (REITs)/(InvITs) Clause 223 of the Income Tax Bi...
    Special Provisions Relating to Pass-Through Entities in Venture Capital Structures : Clause 222 of I...
    Enforcement and Recovery of Tax on Accreted Income : Clause 352(8) & (9) of the Income Tax Bill, 202...
    Changing Landscape of Interest on Delayed Payment of Tax on Accreted Income : Clause 352(7) of Incom...
    Reforming the Exit Tax Regime for non-profit organizations (NPOs) or charitable institutions : Claus...
    Comprehensive Review of Taxation, Reporting, and Compliance for Securitisation Trusts : Clause 221 o...
    Definitions, Scope, and Impact on the MAT/AMT Regime : Clause 206(19) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 V...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Allocation of shared costs and depreciation: apportionment on reasonable basis and fair proportion affects tonnage tax computations.
    Clause 228(14) requires common costs attributable to the tonnage tax business to be allocated on a reasonable basis, with taxpayers maintaining records to support apportionment. Clause 228(15) requires depreciation for assets other than qualifying ships to be apportioned on a fair proportion determined by the Assessing Officer with reference to actual use. Both provisions mirror Section 115VJ, vesting discretion in the AO and preserving the objective of preventing tax arbitrage while increasing documentation and compliance burdens.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax regime: clarifies qualifying shipping income, market value inter company valuation, and related party anti avoidance adjustments.
    Tonnage tax applies to qualifying shipping income measured by net tonnage, defined as profits from specified core shipping activities and prescribed incidental activities; incidental income above a prescribed threshold is excluded. Inter business transfers must be computed at market value, with assessing officer power to use reasonable bases in exceptional cases. Related party arrangements producing more than ordinary profits may be adjusted to reasonable levels. The Central Government may exclude activities or set limits by notification subject to parliamentary laying. Losses in tonnage computation are ignored.
    Act RulesBills
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    Allocation of tonnage income: proportional or independent computation affects tax treatment of jointly operated qualifying ships.
    Computation of tonnage income for jointly operated qualifying ships follows a two-step approach: where participating companies' shares are definite and ascertainable, income is allocated proportionately to each company; where shares are not definite and ascertainable, tonnage income for each operator is computed as if it were the sole operator. The rule aligns taxation with economic interest, creates documentary and compliance incentives, functions as an anti-avoidance measure, and may interact with cross-border tax rules, requiring clearer guidance on "definite and ascertainable" shares and documentation standards.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Tonnage tax regime: ships' taxable income computed by daily tonnage rates and aggregation, excluding deductions.
    Clause 227(1)-(6) prescribes a ship wise tonnage tax: each qualifying ship's tonnage income equals its daily tonnage income multiplied by qualifying days, with daily rates set by a four tier slab linked to certified net tonnage. Tonnage includes certified physical tonnage and prescribed deemed tonnage for slot and sharing arrangements, rounded to the nearest hundred tons. A non obstante clause bars any deductions or set offs, making the computed tonnage income the exclusive tax base under the Part.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax scheme: deemed tonnage income treated as business profits, excluding actual shipping income under eligibility conditions.
    Clause 226(7) mandates that tonnage income be computed under a separate formulaic provision and be deemed to be the profits chargeable under business income, while expressly excluding the actual "relevant shipping income" from tax once the tonnage computation applies; these effects are conditional on compliance with the Part's eligibility, option, separation, and record keeping requirements.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax scheme: elective presumptive taxation for shipping income, requiring separate accounting and exclusive computation under qualifying criteria.
    The tonnage tax scheme is an elective presumptive regime requiring eligible companies operating qualifying ships to compute profits from that business exclusively under the tonnage basis; the tonnage tax business is treated as a separate business with independent computation and accounting, and companies not opting or ineligible must compute shipping profits under the normal provisions of the Act.
    Act RulesBills
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    Qualifying ship definition governs tonnage tax eligibility by tying registration, certification, and operational use to tax benefit access.
    The definition of qualifying ship in Clause 235(i) requires three operative conditions for tonnage tax eligibility: a minimum net tonnage, registration under the relevant shipping statute or an authorised foreign licence, and a valid certificate evidencing net tonnage. It lists explicit exclusions-vessels providing services normally provided on land, fishing vessels, factory ships, pleasure crafts, harbour and river ferries, offshore installations-and disqualifies vessels used for fishing beyond a specified threshold in a tax year, anchoring eligibility in maritime regulatory certification and operational use.
    Act RulesBills
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    Place of effective management central to qualifying company status, restricting tonnage tax benefits to genuinely India-managed shipping firms.
    The qualifying company for the tonnage tax regime must satisfy four cumulative conditions: be an Indian company; have its place of effective management in India-defined to include decisions made by executives as well as the board; own at least one qualifying ship; and have its main object as operating ships. Clause 235(h) consolidates these criteria within a broader definitional framework and references updated maritime legislation to clarify eligibility and reduce interpretive disputes.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax eligibility defined by operation status: owners and charterers qualify, long term bareboat lessors excluded.
    Clause 226(1) treats a company as operating a ship or inland vessel if it owns or charters a vessel, including partial charters such as slot, space, or joint charters, and excludes companies that have chartered out vessels on bareboat charter or bareboat charter cum demise terms for periods exceeding three years, thereby distinguishing operational risk bearing operators from passive, long term financiers for purposes of the tonnage tax scheme.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax regime: option to compute shipping income on a tonnage basis with deeming treatment as business profits.
    Clause 225 creates a self-contained tonnage tax regime for companies operating qualifying ships, allowing an option to compute income under its Part with a deeming provision treating that income as profits and gains of business; key operational questions concern the definition of qualifying ships, the option's exercise and lock-in mechanics, and interaction with loss set-off, allowances, and other tax measures.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax definitions: expanded, self-contained eligibility rules broaden coverage and tighten residency and exclusion tests.
    Clause 235 consolidates and expands tonnage tax definitions by explicitly including inland vessels, embedding a detailed qualifying company test requiring Indian residency, ownership of qualifying ships, principal shipping business, and a specified place of effective management; it also defines qualifying ship with tonnage, registration/licensing and certification requirements and enumerated exclusions to prevent abuse.
    Act RulesBills
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    Pass-through taxation preserves investor-level tax treatment of investment fund income while ring-fencing fund-level losses.
    Clause 224 restates a pass-through regime: income from investments in a regulated fund is taxed in the hands of unit holders as if held directly, while business income remains taxable at the fund level. Business losses are ring fenced at the fund; other losses pass through subject to holding period conditions and transitional attribution of legacy losses to unit holders. Income retained by the fund is deemed credited to unit holders at year end and prescribed statements must be furnished to unit holders and tax authorities to secure transparency and enforcement.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Pass-through taxation for business trusts preserves income character and shifts tax consequences to unit holders with reporting duties.
    The clause establishes a statutory pass-through mechanism under which income distributed by business trusts is deemed to retain its original character and proportion in the hands of unit holders, while subjecting the trust's total income to tax at the maximum marginal rate subject to specified withholding provisions; it also deems certain scheduled categories of distributed income taxable on distribution, carves out specified statutory exceptions, and imposes prescribed reporting obligations on payers to unit holders and tax authorities.
    Act RulesBills
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    Pass-through taxation of venture capital income taxes investors as if invested directly, with reporting and deemed-credit safeguards.
    Pass-through taxation requires that income arising to investors from venture capital companies or funds be taxed in the investor's hands as if invested directly, with the fund and payer furnishing prescribed statements to investors and tax authorities; undistributed income is deemed credited to investors at year-end in proportion to entitlement, while income already included on an accrual basis is not taxed again on actual payment; specified investment funds are excluded and key terms are defined in the schedule.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Tax on accreted income: transferees and officers may be deemed assessees in default, with liability limited to asset value.
    Clause 352(8) deems the specified person (NPO) and its principal officer or trustee to be assessee in default for unpaid tax on accreted income and applies all recovery provisions of the Act; it also deems a transferee of assets in specified dissolution cases to be an assessee in default in respect of such tax. Clause 352(9) limits the transferee's liability to the extent the asset received is capable of meeting the liability, ensuring proportionality in recovery.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Accreted income interest compels prompt tax payment and creates joint personal liability for trustees and principal officers.
    Clause 352(7) imposes simple interest for delayed payment of tax on accreted income, with joint and several liability on the specified person and the principal officer or trustee; interest is computed monthly (any part-month treated as a full month) using an explicit formula, and liable persons are deemed assessee in default to enable statutory recovery mechanisms.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Exit tax on accreted income expands triggers and fixes final levy after prescribed valuation and procedural safeguards.
    A tax on accreted income charges NPOs additional income tax at the maximum marginal rate when specified events occur; accreted income equals aggregate fair market value of assets less total liabilities on a specified date, computed under prescribed valuation methods, with exclusions as prescribed. The Assessing Officer must afford a hearing before ordering tax, the bill sets a detailed table of triggering events and payment timelines, and the tax payment is final with no further credit or deduction allowed.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Pass-through taxation for securitisation trust income preserves investor-level taxation while mandating reporting and deemed-accrual rules.
    Clause 221 establishes a pass-through taxation regime for income from securitisation trusts, preserving the character and proportion of underlying income in the hands of investors, deeming unpaid accruals as credited on the last day of the tax year to prevent deferral, requiring prescribed statements to investors and tax authorities, and preventing double taxation by excluding income already taxed on accrual from subsequent inclusion on actual payment.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Minimum alternate tax definitions shape MAT/AMT computation and Ind AS transition treatment, narrowing tax arbitrage opportunities.
    Clause 206(19) supplies granular definitions aligning MAT/AMT computation with Ind AS convergence, insolvency law and cross statutory terms. Key terms include adjudicating authority (IBC), convergence date, transition amount with specified exclusions, net worth, company classifications, securities, tribunal, unit (IFSC) and year of convergence. These definitions phase in Ind AS transition impacts, harmonize tax and insolvency treatment, clarify eligibility for concessional AMT rates, and reduce tax arbitrage and interpretive disputes compared with the narrower definitions in Section 115JF.
    Act RulesBills
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    Minimum alternate tax exclusions: narrow MAT/AMT to specified taxpayers including life insurers, alternative regime opters, presumptive and small taxpayers.
    Clause 206(18) narrows MAT/AMT applicability by exempting companies with life insurance income, taxpayers who opt for specified alternative tax regimes, persons taxed under special or presumptive computation sections, specified funds identified in the Schedule, and non corporate persons whose adjusted total income falls below the statutory threshold; the exclusions reflect sectoral accounting differences, aim to promote concessional regimes and financial competitiveness, and reduce compliance burdens while requiring clear definitions and anti abuse safeguards.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 and IGST Act, 2017

      1 February, 2023

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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

      GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods And Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) Amendments carried out through the Finance Bill, 2023 come into effect on the date of its enactment, unless otherwise specified.

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023 except those in clause 142 will come into effect from the date when the same will be notified concurrently, as far as possible, with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023, vide clause 142 will come into effect retrospectively from 1st July, 2017.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 :

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (d) of sub-section (2) and Clause (c) of sub-section (2A) in section 10 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the restriction imposed on registered persons engaged in supplying goods through electronic commerce operators from opting to pay tax under the Composition Levy.

      [128]

      2.

      Second and third provisos to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act are being amended to align the said sub-section with the return filing system provided in the said Act.

      [129]

      3.

      Explanation to sub-section (3) of section 17 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to restrict availment of input tax credit in respect of certain transactions specified in para 8(a) of Schedule III of the said Act, as may be prescribed, by including the value of such transactions in the value of exempt supply. Further, sub-section (5) of said section is also being amended so as to provide that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

      [130]

      4.

      Sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 23 of the CGST Act are being amended, with retrospective effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to provide that persons for compulsory registration in terms of sub section (1) of section and section 22 of the Act need not register if exempt under sub section (1) of section 23.

      [131]

      5.

      A new sub-section (5) in section 37 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of the said section for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [132]

      6.

      A new sub-section (11) in section 39 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the return for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [133]

      7.

      A new sub-section (2) in section 44 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the annual return under sub-section (1) of the said section for a financial year can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [134]

      8.

      A new sub-section (15) in section 52 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the statement under sub-section (4) of the said section for a month can be furnished by an electronic commerce operator. Further, it seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for an electronic commerce operator or a class of electronic commerce operators.

      [135]

      9.

      Sub-section (6) of section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the reference to the provisionally accepted input tax credit to align the same with the present scheme of availment of self- assessed input tax credit as per sub-section (1) of section 41 of the said Act.

      [136]

      10.

      Section 56 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an enabling provision to prescribe manner of computation of period of delay for calculation of interest on delayed refunds.

      [137]

      11.

      A new sub-section (1B) in section 122 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for penal provisions applicable to Electronic Commerce Operators in case of contravention of provisions relating to supplies of goods made through them by unregistered persons or composition taxpayers.

      [138]

      12.

      Sub-section (1) of section 132 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to decriminalize offences specified in clause (g), (j) and (k) of the said sub-section and to increase the monetary threshold for launching prosecution for the offences under the said Act from one hundred lakh rupees to two hundred lakh rupees, except for the offences related to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both.

      [139]

      13.

      First proviso to sub-section (1) of section 138 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to simplify the language of clause (a), to omit clause (b) and to substitute the clause (c) of said proviso so as to exclude the persons involved in offences relating to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both from the option of compounding of the offences under the said Act. It further seeks to amend sub-section (2) so as to rationalize the amount for compounding of various offences by reducing the minimum as well as maximum amount for compounding.

      [140]

      14.

      A new section 158A in the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for prescribing manner and conditions for sharing of the information furnished by the registered person in his return or in his application of registration or in his statement of outward supplies, or the details uploaded by him for generation of electronic invoice or E- way bill or any other details, as may be prescribed, on the common portal with such other systems, as may be notified.

      [141]

      15.

      Schedule III of the CGST Act is being amended to give retrospective applicability to Para 7, 8 (a) and 8 (b) of the said Schedule, with effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to treat the activities/ transactions mentioned in the said paragraphs as neither supply of goods nor supply of services. It is also being clarified that where the tax has already been paid in respect of such transactions/ activities during the period from 01st July, 2017 to 31st January, 2019, no refund of such tax paid shall be available.

      [142]

      II. AMENDMENTS IN THE IGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (16) of section 2 of the IGST Act is being amended so as to revise the definition of “non-taxable online recipient” by removing the condition of receipt of online information and database access or retrieval services (OIDAR) for purposes other than commerce, industry or any other business or profession so as to provide for taxability of OIDAR service provided by any person located in non- taxable territory to an unregistered person receiving the said services and located in the taxable territory. Further, it also seeks to clarify that the persons registered solely in terms of clause (vi) of Section 24 of CGST Act shall be treated as unregistered person for the purpose of the said clause. Also, clause (17) of the said section is being amended to revise the definition of “online information and database access or retrieval services” to remove the condition of rendering of the said supply being essentially automated and involving minimal human intervention.

      [143]

      2.

      Proviso to sub-section (8) of section 12 of the IGST Act is being omitted so as to specify the place of supply, irrespective of destination of the goods, in cases where the supplier of services and recipient of services are located in India.

      [144]

       

       


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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

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