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    Hierarchy of Income-tax Authorities in India : Clause 236 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 1...
    Exclusion from the Indian Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 234(4)-(7) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Se...
    Anti-Abuse Safeguards in the Indian Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 234(1)-(3) of the Income Tax Bill, 2...
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    Continuity of Tonnage Tax Benefits in Shipping Sector Demergers : Clause 233(5)-(6) of Income Tax Bi...
    Continuity of Tonnage Tax Benefits in Shipping Amalgamations : Clause 233(1)-(4) of the Income Tax B...
    Determination of Tonnage for Shipping Companies under Indian Tax Law : Clause 227(9) of the Income T...
    Compliance Requirements under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 232(21) of Income Tax Bill, 2025 v...
    Charter-in Limits under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 232(15)-(20) of the Income Tax Bill, 202...
    Minimum Training Mandates in India's Tonnage Tax Framework : Clause 232(12)-(14) of the Income Tax B...
    Evolving Compliance Obligations under the Tonnage Tax Scheme: Clause 232(1)-(11) of the Income Tax B...
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    Examining Renewal Provisions for Tonnage Tax in Indian Shipping Taxation : Clause 231(10)-(11) of In...
    Duration and Cessation of Tonnage Tax Option : Clause 231(8)-(9) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Se...
    Procedural framework for opting into the tonnage tax scheme : Clause 231(1)-(7) of Income Tax Bill, ...
    Legal and Practical Implications of Excluding Tonnage Tax Profits from Book Profits in Indian Shippi...
    Capital Gains taxation on Qualifying Ships : Clause 229(8) to (10) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. ...
    Loss Set-Off and Apportionment in the Shipping Industry : Clause 230(2)-(4) of the Income Tax Bill, ...
    Exclusion of Deductions and Loss Set-Off under the Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 230(1) of the Income ...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Hierarchy of tax authorities clarified: consolidation and streamlined nomenclature aim to centralise appellate functions and improve clarity.
    Clause 236 consolidates the hierarchy of income-tax authorities-from the Central Board of Direct Taxes to Inspectors and Tax Recovery Officers-streamlining nomenclature and grouping alternative designations. It notably omits Deputy Commissioners (Appeals), signalling possible consolidation of first-level appellate functions at higher levels, and leaves allocation of specific powers and appellate responsibilities to subordinate rules and notifications.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax exclusion: anti abuse power to remove companies from the regime where transactions lack bona fide commercial purpose.
    Clause 234(4)-(7) empowers the Assessing Officer to exclude a tonnage tax company by written order where transactions amount to an abuse of the tonnage tax scheme, operating retrospectively from the first day of the tax year in which the transaction was entered into; exclusion requires prior show cause notice and higher-level approval, and does not apply where the company satisfies the Assessing Officer that the transaction was a bona fide commercial arrangement not entered into for tax advantage.
    Act RulesBills
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    Anti-abuse safeguards in tonnage tax: exclusion applies where arrangements produce tax advantages for non-eligible activities.
    Clause 234(1)-(3) excludes the tonnage tax scheme where a tonnage tax company is party to any transaction or arrangement that constitutes an abuse by resulting, or that would but for the clause have resulted, in a tax advantage for persons other than the tonnage tax company or for the company in respect of its non-tonnage activities. "Tax advantage" includes manipulation of expense or interest allowances or cost allocation affecting non-tonnage income or loss, and transactions producing more than ordinary profits from tonnage tax activities.
    Act RulesBills
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    Temporary cessation of operations preserves tonnage tax continuity, but temporary loss of qualifying status suspends benefits for that period.
    A company is deemed to be operating a qualifying ship for tonnage tax purposes during periods of temporary cessation of operations, so long as the cessation is not permanent; however, a ship that temporarily ceases to meet the statutory criteria of a qualifying ship is excluded from qualifying status for the period of non-qualification and cannot attract tonnage tax benefits during that time.
    Act RulesBills
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    Continuity of tonnage tax benefits preserves scheme application for qualifying companies after demerger, subject to statutory conditions.
    Where a demerged company transfers its business to a resulting company before expiry of its tonnage tax option, the tonnage tax scheme shall, subject to other provisions, apply to the resulting company for the unexpired period if it is a qualifying company; similarly, the demerged company retains its option for the unexpired period if it continues to be a qualifying company, with both continuities conditional on statutory eligibility, procedural compliance, and anti-avoidance requirements.
    Act RulesBills
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    Continuity of tonnage tax: amalgamated qualifying shipping companies retain the scheme subject to qualifying status and option deadlines.
    Clause 233(1)-(4) secures continuity of the tonnage tax regime on amalgamation by applying the scheme to the amalgamated company if it remains a qualifying company, requiring non-tonnage amalgamated companies to elect the scheme within a prescribed short period, granting the amalgamated entity the longest unexpired option period when multiple merging companies are under the scheme, and excluding entities that failed to elect during the original implementation window from accessing the regime post-amalgamation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage determination by statutory certificates ensures objective tonnage income computation and limits administrative discretion, aligning with international practice.
    The net tonnage for tonnage income must be determined from prescribed certificates: Indian ships by Merchant Shipping Rules or the 1969 Convention certificate as applicable; foreign ships by a DG Shipping licence reflecting Flag State tonnage certificates or other evidence acceptable to the DG; inland vessels by Inland Vessels Act, 2021 certificates. Reliance on statutory certificates is central, reducing subjective measurement and constraining administrative assessment to verification of certificate authenticity.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax compliance: separate books and certified accountant's report required or tonnage tax option lapses for the year.
    Clause 232(21) makes the tonnage tax option contingent, each year, on maintaining separate books of account for qualifying ship operations and on furnishing a prescribed, duly signed and verified accountant's report before the specified filing date; failure of either requirement renders the tonnage tax option ineffective for that tax year.
    Act RulesBills
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    Charter in cap limits chartered tonnage; breach triggers loss of tonnage tax benefit and possible scheme disqualification.
    Clause 232(15)-(20) limits chartered in net tonnage for tonnage tax electors, requires assessment on average net tonnage with the averaging method prescribed in consultation with the Director General of Shipping, excludes bareboat charter cum demise vessels from charter in calculations, and prescribes loss of tonnage tax benefit for a year of breach and permanent cessation of the option after two consecutive years of breach.
    Act RulesBills
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    Minimum training requirement - automatic loss of tonnage tax eligibility after consecutive noncompliance; annual certification required with tax return.
    Companies opting for the tonnage tax regime must train trainee officers as per guidelines of the Director-General of Shipping and furnish an annually issued compliance certificate in the prescribed form with their tax return; sustained non-compliance over consecutive years results in automatic cessation of the company's option for the tonnage tax scheme from the year following the concluding year of default. Delegation to the Director-General allows technical adaptability but leaves open statutory ambiguities on thresholds, partial compliance and transitional treatment.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage Tax Reserve requirement ties tonnage tax access to reinvestment in qualifying shipping assets under the Bill.
    Clause 232 conditions tonnage tax access on crediting a specified portion of book profit from qualifying shipping activities to a Tonnage Tax Reserve Account, usable within eight years for acquisition of a new ship or inland vessel; interim restrictions prevent distribution or foreign remittance, and proportional re taxation, carryforward rules, and cessation of the option after sustained default enforce compliance.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax disqualification: companies face a ten-year bar on re-entry after opting out, default, or formal exclusion.
    Clause 231(12) bars a qualifying company from opting for the tonnage tax scheme for ten years where the company: voluntarily opts out; defaults in complying with the specified compliance provisions; or has its option excluded by a formal exclusion order, with the disqualification period measured from the date of the triggering event.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax renewal requires timely application and procedural parity with initial grant, subject to eligibility and potential ineligibility period.
    Clause 231(10) requires renewal of an approved tonnage tax option within one year from the end of the tax year in which the prior option ceases, with renewal discretionary and subject to approval or refusal by the competent authority. Clause 231(11) imports sub sections (1) to (10) to apply equally to renewals, ensuring procedural parity-application format, eligibility checks, opportunity of being heard, timelines and cessation consequences-but leaves unresolved whether benefits continue during pendency or whether delayed applications may be condoned.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax lock in establishes a multi year tenure and automatic cessation for qualification loss or compliance defaults.
    Clause 231(8)-(9) provides that an approved tonnage tax option remains in force for ten years from the tax year of exercise, and ceases from the tax year in which the company ceases to qualify, defaults on compliance under section 232(1)-(20), is excluded under the exclusion provision, or voluntarily declares in writing to the Assessing Officer that the part will not apply; on cessation, shipping profits are computed under the general provisions of the Act.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax opting procedure ensures time-bound approval and procedural fairness under the updated legislative framework.
    A qualifying company must apply in the prescribed form to the Joint Commissioner within the statutory window; the Commissioner may call for documents, must afford an opportunity of being heard before refusing, and must communicate a written order within a set time measured from the end of the processing quarter. On approval, the tonnage tax regime applies from the tax year in which the option is exercised, with transitional provisions for IFSC units and further clauses governing duration, cessation, renewal and a bar on re-entry.
    Act RulesBills
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    Exclusion of book profits: tonnage tax income is removed from MAT computation to preserve the presumptive shipping regime.
    Clause 228(16) excludes the book profit or loss derived from the activities of a tonnage tax company, as defined in Clause 228(1), from the company's book profit for the purposes of section 206, thereby preventing MAT from applying to profits attributable to qualifying core and incidental shipping activities; the exclusion operates alongside detailed provisions on caps for incidental income, allocation of costs and depreciation, treatment of non qualifying ships, and transfer pricing adjustments.
    Act RulesBills
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    Capital gains on qualifying ships taxed under tonnage tax regime with WDV computed for block of qualifying assets.
    Profits or gains on transfer of capital assets forming part of the block of qualifying ships are chargeable to income-tax, with capital gains computed under the capital gains provisions specified in the Bill. For that computation, references to "written down value of the block of assets" are to be read as the "written down value of the block of qualifying assets", and that WDV is to be determined by the method prescribed in sub-section (2) of Clause 229.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax loss set off limited to shipping income; pre option losses deemed set off and apportionment must be reasonable.
    Clause 230(2)-(4) (and mirror Section 115VM) deem pre option losses attributable to the tonnage tax business to have been set off against relevant shipping income while under the tonnage tax regime, bar their set off against non shipping income after opting in, and require any necessary apportionment to be made on a reasonable basis, creating documentary and evidentiary obligations and potential disputes over apportionment and the definition of relevant shipping income.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax exclusion: carry forward and deductions barred, creating a self contained computation regime for shipping companies under new bill
    Clause 230(1) creates a self contained tonnage tax computation by deeming all business losses, allowances and deductions to have been given full effect in their year of origin, prohibiting carry forward or set off of shipping business losses once under the tonnage regime, excluding general chapter based deductions from tonnage profits, and requiring written down values of assets to be computed as if depreciation had been claimed and allowed each relevant year.
    Act RulesBills
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    Depreciation under tonnage tax: explicit WDV allocation formulas clarify asset classification and continuity of depreciation claims.
    Clause 229(1)-(7) mandates that, on entering the tonnage tax regime, depreciation be computed on the written down value attributable to qualifying ships by dividing the existing block WDV between qualifying and non qualifying assets using explicit proportional formulas; separate qualifying asset blocks are created, WDV is transferred proportionally upon reclassification, intra year depreciation is apportioned by days of use, and the resulting WDV blocks are deemed carried forward from the preceding year to preserve continuity.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 and IGST Act, 2017

      1 February, 2023

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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

      GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods And Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) Amendments carried out through the Finance Bill, 2023 come into effect on the date of its enactment, unless otherwise specified.

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023 except those in clause 142 will come into effect from the date when the same will be notified concurrently, as far as possible, with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023, vide clause 142 will come into effect retrospectively from 1st July, 2017.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 :

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (d) of sub-section (2) and Clause (c) of sub-section (2A) in section 10 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the restriction imposed on registered persons engaged in supplying goods through electronic commerce operators from opting to pay tax under the Composition Levy.

      [128]

      2.

      Second and third provisos to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act are being amended to align the said sub-section with the return filing system provided in the said Act.

      [129]

      3.

      Explanation to sub-section (3) of section 17 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to restrict availment of input tax credit in respect of certain transactions specified in para 8(a) of Schedule III of the said Act, as may be prescribed, by including the value of such transactions in the value of exempt supply. Further, sub-section (5) of said section is also being amended so as to provide that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

      [130]

      4.

      Sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 23 of the CGST Act are being amended, with retrospective effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to provide that persons for compulsory registration in terms of sub section (1) of section and section 22 of the Act need not register if exempt under sub section (1) of section 23.

      [131]

      5.

      A new sub-section (5) in section 37 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of the said section for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [132]

      6.

      A new sub-section (11) in section 39 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the return for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [133]

      7.

      A new sub-section (2) in section 44 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the annual return under sub-section (1) of the said section for a financial year can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [134]

      8.

      A new sub-section (15) in section 52 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the statement under sub-section (4) of the said section for a month can be furnished by an electronic commerce operator. Further, it seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for an electronic commerce operator or a class of electronic commerce operators.

      [135]

      9.

      Sub-section (6) of section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the reference to the provisionally accepted input tax credit to align the same with the present scheme of availment of self- assessed input tax credit as per sub-section (1) of section 41 of the said Act.

      [136]

      10.

      Section 56 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an enabling provision to prescribe manner of computation of period of delay for calculation of interest on delayed refunds.

      [137]

      11.

      A new sub-section (1B) in section 122 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for penal provisions applicable to Electronic Commerce Operators in case of contravention of provisions relating to supplies of goods made through them by unregistered persons or composition taxpayers.

      [138]

      12.

      Sub-section (1) of section 132 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to decriminalize offences specified in clause (g), (j) and (k) of the said sub-section and to increase the monetary threshold for launching prosecution for the offences under the said Act from one hundred lakh rupees to two hundred lakh rupees, except for the offences related to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both.

      [139]

      13.

      First proviso to sub-section (1) of section 138 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to simplify the language of clause (a), to omit clause (b) and to substitute the clause (c) of said proviso so as to exclude the persons involved in offences relating to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both from the option of compounding of the offences under the said Act. It further seeks to amend sub-section (2) so as to rationalize the amount for compounding of various offences by reducing the minimum as well as maximum amount for compounding.

      [140]

      14.

      A new section 158A in the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for prescribing manner and conditions for sharing of the information furnished by the registered person in his return or in his application of registration or in his statement of outward supplies, or the details uploaded by him for generation of electronic invoice or E- way bill or any other details, as may be prescribed, on the common portal with such other systems, as may be notified.

      [141]

      15.

      Schedule III of the CGST Act is being amended to give retrospective applicability to Para 7, 8 (a) and 8 (b) of the said Schedule, with effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to treat the activities/ transactions mentioned in the said paragraphs as neither supply of goods nor supply of services. It is also being clarified that where the tax has already been paid in respect of such transactions/ activities during the period from 01st July, 2017 to 31st January, 2019, no refund of such tax paid shall be available.

      [142]

      II. AMENDMENTS IN THE IGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (16) of section 2 of the IGST Act is being amended so as to revise the definition of “non-taxable online recipient” by removing the condition of receipt of online information and database access or retrieval services (OIDAR) for purposes other than commerce, industry or any other business or profession so as to provide for taxability of OIDAR service provided by any person located in non- taxable territory to an unregistered person receiving the said services and located in the taxable territory. Further, it also seeks to clarify that the persons registered solely in terms of clause (vi) of Section 24 of CGST Act shall be treated as unregistered person for the purpose of the said clause. Also, clause (17) of the said section is being amended to revise the definition of “online information and database access or retrieval services” to remove the condition of rendering of the said supply being essentially automated and involving minimal human intervention.

      [143]

      2.

      Proviso to sub-section (8) of section 12 of the IGST Act is being omitted so as to specify the place of supply, irrespective of destination of the goods, in cases where the supplier of services and recipient of services are located in India.

      [144]

       

       


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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

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      ActsIncome Tax