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    ManualsIncome Tax
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    Exemption for HUF distributions may not apply where clubbing rules apply, affecting taxability of co parcener receipts.
    Amounts received by an individual co parcener from the HUF are exempt in the hands of the assessee under the general exemption for such receipts, subject to the overriding provision dealing with clubbing or attribution of income which can limit that exemption.
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    Accounting policies must present a true and fair view of the state of affairs and income; treatment and presentation must follow substance over legal form; an accounting policy shall not be changed without reasonable cause, and any change must serve faithful representation for income computation and disclosure.
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    Where income has become taxable under the substantive provision governing non-resident receipts, that charging provision prevails over a taxpayer's cash-basis accounting; Section 145 is a machinery provision to effectuate the charge and cannot be used to defeat or nullify the substantive charge so as to allow taxable income to escape tax.
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    Accrual of income: recognition occurs when a vested right and debtor liability arise, not necessarily on actual receipt.
    ICDS I explains that accrual of income arises when a vested right to receive payment emerges and a corresponding liability is created on the other party; postponement or non-receipt does not prevent accrual, though non-receipt may justify separate deductions or claims. Accrual and arisal denote an inchoate right prior to actual receipt, while receipt denotes physical collection, and for tax accounting the existence of the right and the debtor's liability are the operative tests for accrual-based recognition.
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    Deduction for bad debts allowed where income recognised under ICDS but not recorded in accounts is later irrecoverable.
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    Applicability of ICDS: timing of TDS entries determines whether expenditure is disallowable under TDS disallowance provisions.
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    ICDS compliance: prepare ICDS-based financials and reconciliations to ensure taxable income computation aligns with disclosure standards.
    Differences between accounting under ICDS and other accounting frameworks can materially affect taxable income and subsequent years' computations; taxpayers should quantify divergences and account for consequential tax adjustments. Practically, maintain parallel ICDS-based profit and loss and balance sheet statements and prepare a detailed reconciliation with primary accounting records to ensure all ICDS adjustments are considered. Auditors must certify that computation of total income complies with ICDS, making transparent documentation of adjustments and reconciliations necessary for audit certification and tax compliance.
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    Reverse charge on legal services broadened to include advisory and representational work under GST notifications.
    Corrigenda amend reverse-charge entries to treat "services provided by an individual advocate including a senior advocate or firm of advocates by way of legal services, directly or indirectly," as taxable, and add an Explanation that "legal service" includes advice, consultancy, assistance in any branch of law and representational services, thereby broadening the scope beyond representational services before courts, tribunals or authorities.
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    Capital gain valuation under section 50C on transfer of contractual rights challenged as inappropriate and commercially onerous.
    Application of section 50C to a transfer of rights under a power of attorney, where no possession or control of the immovable property passed and no stamp authority value was adopted, was contested; the assessing officer's adoption of an enhanced valuation for computing short term capital gains was regarded as inappropriate and characterised as harassment, and that addition was reversed on appeal.
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    Accounting policy change disclosure required when future material effect is expected; disclose at adoption and when it first becomes material.
    Change in accounting policies that has no material effect in the current previous year but is reasonably expected to have material effect later must be disclosed: (a) in the previous year in which the change is adopted; and (b) in the previous year in which the change has material effect for the first time.
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    Change in accounting policy: permitted only for reasonable cause and where AS 5 requires it or improves financial presentation.
    A change in accounting policy will be treated as reasonable if it meets the criterion established by AS 5: the change is permissible only where it is required by statute, necessary for compliance with an accounting standard, or results in a more appropriate presentation of the enterprise's financial statements.
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    Mark-to-market loss recognition barred under ICDS, allowed only if another ICDS or tax law permits.
    Mark-to-market and expected losses are not recognised under ICDS I unless another ICDS permits such recognition; the Accounting Standards Committee held that because anticipated profits are not recognised, parity requires that expected or mark-to-market losses also be excluded, while established tax-law precedent allows deduction for exchange fluctuation losses arising on revenue-purpose borrowings.
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    Disclosure of fundamental accounting assumptions required when Going Concern, Consistency or Accrual are not followed in tax reporting.
    ICDS I requires that where the Going Concern, Consistency and Accrual assumptions are followed no specific disclosure is required, but any departure from these fundamental accounting assumptions must be disclosed; the revised tax audit reporting format provides columns to record such disclosures.
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    Going concern assumption affects income computation and disclosure, requiring a different measurement basis if materially impinged.
    Going concern is the assumption that an assessee will continue operations and has no intent or necessity to liquidate or materially curtail business; it underpins periodic income computation and financial statements and applies in the absence of contrary information. Material uncertainties that cast doubt on going concern may impinge this assumption. ICDS I does not specify computation methods when going concern is not met; absent such mandate an assessee may follow the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements and prepare statements on a different basis, affecting recognition, measurement and disclosure.
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    ICDS disclosure requirements must be reported in tax audit reports and reflected in amended income tax return schedules.
    ICDS require disclosure of accounting policies and ICDS adjustments; the net effect must be disclosed in the Return of Income. Disclosures required under ICDS shall be made in the tax audit report in Form 3CD for taxpayers subject to tax audit, and no separate disclosure regime exists for those not liable to tax audit; return forms were amended to include a schedule ICDS.
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    ICDS supremacy - where ICDS conflicts with CBDT circulars or press releases, the ICDS treatment prevails.
    Where ICDS provisions conflict with earlier CBDT circulars or press releases, the later ICDS provisions prevail for the period after they take effect; CBDT circulars and press releases are interpretative guidance binding on tax officers but not on taxpayers.
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    DTAA supremacy: ICDS governs income computation when the treaty is silent, non-conflicting, or specifies only tax rate.
    ICDS apply to non-residents claiming DTAA benefits only where the DTAA is silent, where there is no conflict between ICDS computation and treaty treatment, where the income falls outside the DTAA's scope, or where the DTAA fixes a tax rate but does not prescribe the method of computing the income, in which case ICDS governs computation.
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    Recognition of provisions under ICDS X requires a present obligation, probable outflow of resources, and a reliable estimate.
    Recognition of a provision under ICDS X requires a present obligation from a past event, a reasonably certain outflow of resources to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate of the obligation amount; routine future operating costs must not be recognised as provisions.

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      Tax Incentives Exemption for LTC Cash Scheme

      1 February, 2021

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      Tax Incentives

      Exemption for LTC Cash Scheme

      Under the existing provisions of the Act, clause (5) of section 10 of the Act provides for exemption in respect of the value of travel concession or assistance received by or due to an employee from his employer or former employer for himself and his family, in connection with his proceeding on leave to any place in India. In view of the situation arising out of outbreak of COVID pandemic, it is proposed to provide tax exemption to cash allowance in lieu of LTC.

      Hence, it is proposed to insert second proviso in clause 5 of section 10, so as to provide that, for the assessment year beginning on the 1st day of April, 2021, the value in lieu of any travel concession or assistance received by, or due to, an individual shall also be exempt under this clause subject to fulfilment of conditions to be prescribed. It is also proposed to clarify by way of an Explanation that where an individual claims and is allowed exemption under the second proviso in connection with prescribed expenditure, no exemption shall be allowed under this clause in respect of same prescribed expenditure to any other individual.

      The conditions for this purpose shall be prescribed in the Income-tax Rules in due course and shall, inter alia, be as under:

      (a) The employee exercises an option for the deemed LTC fare in lieu of the applicable LTC in the Block year 2018-21;

      (b) “specified expenditure” means expenditure incurred by an individual or a member of his family during the specified period on goods or services which are liable to tax at an aggregate rate of twelve per cent or above under various GST laws and goods are purchased or services procured from GST registered vendors/service providers;

      (c) “specified period” means the period commencing from 12th day of October, 2020 and ending on 31st day of March, 2021;

      (d) the amount of exemption shall not exceed thirty-six thousand rupees per person or one-third of specified expenditure, whichever is less;

      (e) the payment to GST registered vendor/service provider is made by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft, or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account or through such other electronic mode as prescribed under Rule 6ABBA and tax invoice is obtained from such vendor/service provider;

      (f) If the amount received by, or due to an individual as per the terms of his employment, from his employer in relation to himself and his family, for the LTC is more than what is allowable to such person under the above discussed provisions, the exemption under the proposed amendment would be available only to the extent of exemption admissible under above listed provisions.

      This amendment will take effect from 1st April, 2021 and will, apply in relation to the assessment year 2021-2022 only.

      [Clause 5]

       


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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax