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    ManualsService Tax
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    Finality of proceedings: tax assessments cannot be reopened due to another taxpayer's favourable decision without recall in the same case.
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    Showing a composite price on an invoice does not, by itself, establish that the supplier passed the tax burden to customers or realized unjust enrichment; where prices remained unchanged after a tax was imposed, inclusive pricing alone is insufficient evidence that any element of tax was added to the price, and proof of an added tax component is required to infer passing on of the tax.
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    The doctrine of unjust enrichment does not apply to refund claims that arise after the finalisation of provisional assessments; refunds or recoveries consequent on the final determination of duty liability fall outside the interim statutory refund framework and are not barred by unjust enrichment objections.
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    Unjust enrichment doctrine not bar to refund of duty paid under protest; provisional assessments preserve refund entitlement.
    The doctrine of unjust enrichment does not bar refund claims for duty paid under protest; recoveries or refunds consequent on final determination of duty liability fall outside bars that would deny restitution. Provisional assessments and unresolved price and classification lists render clearances provisional, supporting the taxpayer's entitlement to have refund claims adjudicated on the basis of final liability rather than dismissed as struck by unjust enrichment.
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    Admissibility of electronic records: computerised data on CD can support service tax refund claims and show no transfer of tax burden.
    Data on compact disc (CD) can be admissible evidence for service tax refund claims where it constitutes computerised records recognised under the Information Technology Act and the Service Tax Rules. Such electronic records may also be used to prove that the incidence of service tax was not transferred to another party (absence of unjust enrichment), provided the data meets the statutory criteria for admissible computerised evidence and forms part of the assessee's maintained electronic records.
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    Limitation under Section 11B(1) applies only to refund claims of a duty of excise and interest; payments not constituting service tax or lawful excise levy are outside that bar and may be refunded. Judicial authorities (M/s Natraj and Venkat Associates; ITC Ltd.) recognise that excess realisations beyond what the statute permits are realisations outside the Act and thus not subject to the statutory limitation on excise refunds.
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    Limitation on service tax refunds: late claims are barred unless tax was paid under protest.
    Refunds of amounts paid as service tax are governed by the statutory limitation provisions; where payments were credited to the service tax account and the claimant acknowledged applicability of the limitation rule, a refund claim filed after the limitation period is barred unless the tax was paid under protest.
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    Appellate authority power to increase penalties is limited; payment of tax and interest can justify mitigation of penalty.
    Appellate authority does not have power to increase or impose a fresh penalty; payment of tax and interest that neutralises pecuniary advantage is relevant for mitigation, and taxpayer status and proportionality are material in assessing whether a revised penalty is unduly harsh under the statutory penalty framework.
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    Penalty under section 78 of the Finance Act, 1994 cannot be reduced below the statutory minimum by invoking section 80; a conjoint reading of the provisions shows no discretion to levy or reduce a penalty below the prescribed floor, and appellate bodies and tribunals cannot read such power into the statutory scheme.
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    Section 76 penalty under the Finance Act, 1994 confines the authority to a legislatively prescribed minimum-to-maximum range; authorities lack power to reduce the penalty below the statutory minimum per day of default, and courts have rejected construing any additional discretion into the provision as that would amount to rewriting the statute.
    Act RulesService Tax
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    Service tax deposit obligations do not arise where tax was not invoiced or collected, limiting unjust enrichment claims.
    Where no invoice was raised and no amount was specifically collected as service tax from recipients, the statutory duty to deposit such tax does not arise because there is no collected tax to be held on behalf of the Government, and absence of pass through means the legal condition for invoking unjust enrichment is not satisfied.
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    Whether assessee is liable to pay collected service tax as per provision of Sec.73A even if his turn...
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    Deposit of collected service tax must be remitted even if small provider exempt; penalties apply for non-deposit.
    Section 73A requires that service tax collected from customers be deposited with the Central Government even if the collector avails the small service provider exemption; tribunals have held that collection triggers an obligatory deposit and failure to deposit and to file returns attracts penal action and enforcement for non-compliance.
    ManualsService Tax
    Whether ignorance of law can be a factor for not to revoke extended period of limitation?
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    Ignorance of law or illiteracy can undermine findings of willful suppression, affecting the validity of tax demand and penalties.
    Administrative demands and penalties based on alleged willful suppression of taxable services require supporting record evidence and must correspond to allegations in the show cause notice; where the record does not substantiate suppression and the allegation was not made in the notice, the resultant service tax demand and penalties are not sustainable.
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    In what circumstances extended period of limitation is not enforceable? Whether SCN can be issued fo...
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    Extended limitation period: not available where assessee had bona fide belief or doubt about service tax liability.
    Extended limitation cannot be invoked where the assessee had a bona fide belief that no service tax was payable, where bona fide doubt existed about chargeability, where the assessee voluntarily approached the department earlier, where the issue is one of legal interpretation creating genuine confusion, or where earlier favorable decisions were subsequently overruled without evidence of suppression.
    Act RulesService Tax
    Whether show cause notice related to period beyond 18 months or 5 years as the case may be, is valid...
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    Limitation for recovery of service tax prevents collection for time barred periods but notice remains partly effective.
    A show cause notice that includes periods beyond the statutory limitation does not become wholly invalid; the Department cannot recover tax for time barred periods, and the assessee may raise the limitation defence during proceedings. The same rule applies to notices extending beyond a shorter statutory limitation-the excess period yields no departmental entitlement to recovery but does not vitiate valid allegations within the limitation.
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    Specific service allegation: tax liability cannot be confirmed unless the show-cause notice specifies the service head.
    A show-cause notice must specifically identify the service head or sub-head relied upon; absent a precise allegation as to the applicable classification, tax liability cannot be confirmed, and alternative classifications suggested by the Commissioner without being pleaded in the notice render any demand unsustainable.

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      Rationalisation of provision of transfer of capital asset to partner on dissolution or reconstitution

      1 February, 2021

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      Rationalisation of provision of transfer of capital asset to partner on dissolution or reconstitution

      The existing provisions of section 45 of the Act inter alia, provides that any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head Capital gains and shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which such transfer takes place. Further sub-section (4) of the said section, provides that the profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset by way of distribution of capital assets on the dissolution of a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a co-operative society)or otherwise, shall be chargeable to tax as the income of such firm or other association of persons or body of individuals of the previous year in which the said transfer takes place. Further, the fair market value of the asset on the date of such transfer shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration for the purposes of section 48.

      In this regard, it has been noticed that there is uncertainty regarding applicability of provisions of aforesaid sub-section to a situation where assets are revalued or self- generated assets are recorded in the books of accounts and payment is made to partner or member which is in excess of his capital contribution.

      Hence, it is proposed to substitute the existing sub-section (4) of section 45 of the Act with a new sub-section (4) and also insert a new sub-section (4A) to this section.

      New proposed sub-section (4) of section 45 of the Act applies in a case where a specified person who receives during the previous year any capital asset at the time of dissolution or reconstitution of the specified entity. The capital asset represents the balance in the capital account of such specified person in the books of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution. In this situation, the profit and gains arising from the receipt of such capital asset by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the specified entity under the head “capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which the capital asset was received by the specified person. For the purposes of section 48 of the Act, the fair market value of the capital asset on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset. The balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self-generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.

      New proposed section sub-section (4A) of section 45 of the Act applies in a case where a specified person receives during the previous year any money or other asset at the time of dissolution or reconstitution of the specified entity. The money or other asset is required to be in excess of the balance in the capital account of such specified person in the books of accounts of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution. In this situation, the profits or gains arising from the receipt of such money or other asset by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the specified entity under the head "Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which the money or other asset was received by the specified person. For the purposes of section 48 of the Act,

      • value of the money or the fair market value of other asset on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset; and

      • the balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of accounts of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition.

      The balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self- generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.

      For the purposes of these two sub-sections,-

      • specified person” is proposed to be defined as a person who is partner of a firm or member of other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a cooperative society), in any previous year;

      • “specified entity” is proposed to be defined as a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a cooperative society);and

      • “self-generated goodwill” and “self –generated assets” are proposed to be defined as goodwill or asset, as the case may be, which has been acquired without incurring any cost for purchase or which has been generated during the course of the business or profession.

      Consequential amendment is also proposed in section 48 of the Act to provide that in case of specified entity, the amount included in the total income of such specified entity under sub-section (4A) of section 45 which is attributable to the capital asset being transferred, shall be reduced from the full value of the consideration to compute income charged under the head “capital gains”. This is to be calculated in the manner to be prescribed later. This is to mitigate the double taxation which may have happened but for this provision in a situation where an asset which was revalued and for which income under the proposed sub-section (4A) of section 45 of the Act was brought to tax is transferred subsequently by the specified entity.

      These amendments will be effective from the 1st April, 2021 and will accordingly apply to the assessment year 2021-22 and subsequent assessment years.

      [Clauses 14 and 16]

       

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

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      ActsIncome Tax
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