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    Evolution of Appellate Remedies in Indian Income Tax Law : Clause 356 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 V...
    Appellate Remedies against Advance Rulings : Clause 389 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 245...
    Evolution of Procedural Regulation in Advance Rulings under Indian Tax Law : Clause 388 of Income Ta...
    The Transformation of Advance Rulings Powers under Indian Tax Law : Clause 387 of the Income Tax Bil...
    Fraud, Misrepresentation, and the Void Ab Initio Doctrine in Advance Rulings : Clause 386 of the Inc...
    Jurisdictional Bar on Parallel Proceedings : Clause 385 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 245...
    Procedure for processing applications for advance rulings in the Indian tax regime : Clause 384 of t...
    Procedural Evolution of Advance Ruling Applications : Clause 383 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Se...
    Legal Insights on Vacancies and Defects in Advance Ruling Bodies : Clause 382 of Income Tax Bill, 20...
    Administrative Efficiency vs. Judicial Oversight : Clause 381 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Secti...
    Changing Landscape of Advance Rulings in Indian Tax Law : Clause 380 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs...
    Evolving ADR Mechanisms in Indian Taxation : Clause 379 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 245...
    Set-off and Withholding of Tax Refunds : Clause 438 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 245 of ...
    Change in the Interest on Tax Refunds under Indian Income Tax Law : Clause 437 of the Income Tax Bil...
    Limits on Challenging Completed Assessments in Refund Proceedings : Clause 436 of Income Tax Bill, 2...
    Automatic Refunds under Indian Income Tax Law : Clause 435 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section ...
    Procedural and Substantive Aspects of TDS Refunds : Clause 434 of Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section ...
    Limitation, Procedure, and Rights of Refund Claims in Indian Tax Law : Clause 433 of the Income Tax ...
    Refund Entitlement in Special Cases (Death, Incapacity, Insolvency, Liquidation, or Other Causes) : ...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Appellate scope reform consolidates appealable orders, enables faceless appeals and transfers while preserving rehearing safeguards.
    Clause 356 prescribes an exhaustive list of appealable orders before the Joint Commissioner (Appeals), defines "status" by cross reference, prohibits appeals where orders are passed by or with approval of authorities above Deputy Commissioner, and empowers the Board to transfer appeals between JCIT(A) and Commissioner (Appeals) with a mandated opportunity of rehearing. It formally enables a government notified faceless disposal scheme-permitting elimination of physical interface and modification of procedural provisions-and authorizes the Board to exclude specified cases or classes from the section's operation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Right of appeal to High Court preserves judicial review over advance rulings with limited condonation and streamlined procedure.
    Clause 389 grants a statutory right of appeal to the High Court against rulings or orders of the Board for Advance Rulings and certain Assessing Officer actions, mandates filing in the prescribed form and manner within a limited period, allows judicial condonation for a short additional interval, omits prior executive scheme-making and modification powers, and relies on Rule 44FA to integrate appeal procedure with jurisdictional High Court practice.
    Act RulesBills
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    Procedural autonomy for advance rulings enables the Board to set its own procedures, heightening calls for transparency and safeguards.
    Clause 388 vests the Board for Advance Rulings with broad power to regulate its own procedure, subject to the relevant Chapter, enabling the Board to prescribe filing rules, hearing modes, timelines, evidence protocols, order formats and confidentiality mechanisms, while the institutional shift from a quasi judicial Authority to an administrative Board raises concerns about explicit natural justice safeguards, transparency, consistency and the scope of judicial review.
    Act RulesBills
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    Advance Rulings powers modernisation clarifies BAR's quasi judicial authority and civil court powers under reformed procedural codes.
    Clause 387 modernises the powers and status of the Board for Advance Rulings by vesting it with civil court powers to summon witnesses, compel document production, receive affidavit evidence and exercise other adjudicatory functions, and by deeming its proceedings to be judicial proceedings that attract penal consequences for perjury and related offences, while limiting the civil court status to specified purposes and aligning cross references with reformed procedural and penal codes.
    Act RulesBills
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    Void ab initio of advance rulings: fraud or misrepresentation may nullify rulings and restore ordinary tax provisions.
    Clause 386 empowers the Board for Advance Rulings to declare an advance ruling void ab initio if found to have been obtained by fraud or misrepresentation, on representation by the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner or otherwise; the Act is to apply as if no ruling had been made (excluding the period the ruling was in force), and a copy of the order must be sent to the applicant and the tax authority.
    Act RulesBills
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    Jurisdictional bar on parallel proceedings preserves advance rulings' exclusivity for resident applicants and prevents conflicting adjudication.
    Clause 385 imposes a jurisdictional bar barring income tax authorities and the Appellate Tribunal from deciding any issue for which a resident has filed an advance ruling application; the prohibition attaches on filing and pertains only to the specific issue raised, thereby preserving the exclusivity and predictability of the advance ruling mechanism while raising interpretive questions about the definition of "issue" and the treatment of pending proceedings.
    Act RulesBills
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    Advance ruling procedure secures binding tax guidance with hearing rights, grounds for rejection, and mandatory communication.
    Clause 384 requires the Board for Advance Rulings to forward applications to the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, call for records, and after examination either allow or reject applications. Rejection must follow an opportunity to be heard and a reasoned order, and orders must be communicated to the applicant and tax authorities. Mandatory exclusions include pending proceedings, fair market value determinations, and transactions prima facie designed for tax avoidance; if allowed, the Board must examine further material, hear the applicant or authorised representative, and pronounce a written ruling within the prescribed time frame.
    Act RulesBills
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    Advance ruling procedure: streamlined application process with prescribed form, quadruplicate filing, fee and a thirty day withdrawal window.
    Clause 383 establishes a streamlined procedure for advance rulings: applications must state the specific question and be filed in the prescribed form and manner in quadruplicate, accompanied by a prescribed fee, and may be withdrawn within thirty days. The clause retains core procedural features of the prior regime but omits transitional and legacy transfer or opt-out provisions, leaving form, fee, and certain consequences of withdrawal to subordinate rules.
    Act RulesBills
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    Vacancies and defects immunity preserves validity of advance rulings to prevent collateral challenges and ensure procedural continuity.
    Clause 382 stipulates that no proceeding before, or pronouncement of an advance ruling by, the Board for Advance Rulings shall be questioned or invalidated merely because of any vacancy or defect in the Board's constitution. It applies to both procedural actions and final rulings, reflects the de facto validity principle, and is intended to secure continuity, legal certainty, and protection against collateral procedural challenges, while not extending to defects that negate jurisdiction or involve fraud or bias.
    Act RulesBills
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    Board for Advance Rulings centralizes administrative advance rulings, prioritizing efficiency but raising independence and legal robustness concerns.
    Clause 381 mandates constitution of one or more Board for Advance Rulings by notification, each comprising two members who are serving tax officers of not below Chief Commissioner rank, nominated by the Board; the provision preserves an administrative, officer-led model akin to the existing framework and emphasizes mandatory establishment, flexibility in number and phased operationalization, while leaving nomination criteria, judicial representation, publication, and appellate design unspecified.
    Act RulesBills
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    Advance ruling mechanism provides pre transactional tax certainty and access controls for cross border and GAAR related issues.
    Clause 380 defines advance ruling across five categories: rulings for non resident applicants; rulings on transactions between residents and non residents; rulings for specified resident applicants; rulings on computation of total income pending before tax authorities or the Appellate Tribunal; and rulings on whether proposed arrangements are impermissible avoidance arrangements; it links applications to the Bill's procedural section and replaces the Authority with a Board for Advance Rulings, while preserving notification based resident eligibility.
    Act RulesBills
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    Dispute Resolution Committee provides an opt-in ADR path reducing penalties and granting prosecution immunity for minor tax disputes.
    Clause 379 creates an opt in Dispute Resolution Committee to resolve minor tax disputes by allowing modification of assessment variations, reduction or waiver of penalties, and grant of immunity from prosecution, with Assessing Officers required to implement DRC directions within a prescribed short timeframe; eligibility is confined by a monetary ceiling on variations, exclusions for search/survey or international information cases, and an income threshold as reported in returns, while procedural details and disqualifications are to be prescribed in subordinate rules.
    Act RulesBills
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    Set-off of tax refunds: authority to adjust refunds against outstanding dues with written intimation and time limited withholding.
    Clause 438 authorises specified tax officers to set off any refund due against sums remaining payable by the taxpayer, subject to mandatory written intimation. If assessment or reassessment proceedings are pending, the Assessing Officer may withhold the refund for a limited, time bound period, but only after recording reasons in writing and obtaining prior approval from the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner. The clause streamlines language from Section 245, narrows discretionary grounds for withholding by focusing on pendency of proceedings, and retains procedural safeguards without specifying priority among kinds of dues.
    Act RulesBills
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    Interest on tax refunds: prescribed entitlement and computation rules ensure compensation for delayed refunds and administrative resolution.
    Clause 437 provides a statutory entitlement to interest on delayed tax refunds, specifying commencement dates for interest based on refund source (advance tax, TCS, tax treated as paid, self-assessment, rectification or excess payment), a materiality threshold exempting trivial refunds, extension of entitlement to deductors, exclusion of periods of delay attributable to the taxpayer or deductor, additional interest for appellate or revision order-related refunds, adjustment and recovery mechanisms for varied refund amounts, and administrative resolution of disputes on excluded periods by a senior tax authority.
    Act RulesBills
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    Finality of assessments: refund claims limited to refunds for wrongly paid or excess tax, not re litigation of settled assessments.
    Clause 436 prevents an assessee, in refund claims, from questioning or seeking review of any assessment or matter that has become final and conclusive; relief in such claims is limited to refund of tax wrongly paid or paid in excess and the provision must be read with appeal, rectification and revision mechanisms to avoid undermining corrective powers elsewhere in the statute.
    Act RulesBills
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    Automatic refunds on appellate or statutory orders require proactive AO disbursement, subject to reassessment and annulment limits.
    Automatic refunds are mandated when appellate or other statutory orders reduce or annul tax liability, requiring the Assessing Officer to refund excess amounts without a claim, except where the Act provides otherwise. Refunds become due only after a fresh assessment when an order directs reassessment, and where an assessment is annulled the refund is limited to the excess tax paid over tax chargeable on the returned total income. The provision preserves AO obligations, exceptions for set off or stay, and separates principal refund rules from interest entitlement.
    Act RulesBills
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    TDS refund mechanism for deductors clarifies eligibility, prescribed application procedure, and time bound AO orders.
    Clause 434 creates a statutory TDS refund mechanism allowing a deductor who, under a written agreement, bore withholding tax and later claims no deduction was legally required to apply for refund in the prescribed form; the Assessing Officer must inquire as necessary, provide the applicant an opportunity to be heard, and pass a written order allowing or rejecting the claim within the specified time frame.
    Act RulesBills
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    Return-based refund claims must be made through the income tax return, tying refund limitation to return filing timelines.
    Clause 433 requires that every refund claim be made by furnishing the return of income under section 263, making return filing the exclusive procedural vehicle for refund claims and implicitly tying limitation to the return filing timelines without providing express condonation or separate application mechanisms.
    Act RulesBills
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    Refund entitlement: clubbed-income payee and authorised representatives may claim tax refunds when taxpayer cannot act.
    The clause entitles the person in whose total income clubbed income is included to claim the refund attributable to that income, and authorises a legal representative, trustee, guardian or receiver to claim or receive refunds on behalf of a taxpayer who cannot do so because of death, incapacity, insolvency, liquidation or similar cause; procedural formalities and limitation issues are left to subordinate rules and practice.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tax refund entitlement preserved: statutory right maintained under new bill with procedural verification by Assessing Officer.
    Clause 431 preserves a statutory right to a refund where a person satisfies the Assessing Officer that tax paid, paid on or treated as paid on their behalf for a tax year exceeds the amount properly chargeable; it covers direct payments and deemed payments (TDS/TCS, advance tax), places an initial procedural burden on the taxpayer, and mirrors Section 237 of the 1961 Act except for the shift from assessment year to tax year, with attendant implications for temporal reference, procedural integration, and ancillary issues such as interest, set offs and standards of verification.

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      PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES AND CLARIFICATORY AMENDMENTS IN RESPECTIVE NOTIFICATIONS - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

      5 July, 2019

      Contents
      Rules & Regulations
      Summary
      Note

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      PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES AND CLARIFICATORY AMENDMENTS IN RESPECTIVE NOTIFICATIONS

      S. No

      Heading, sub-heading tariff item

      Commodity

      From

      To

       

       

      Defence 

       

       

      1

      Any Chapter 

      Specified Defence equipment and their parts imported by the Ministry of Defence or the Armed Forces

      Applicable rate

      Nil

       

       

      Medical Devices

       

       

      2

      Any Chapter

      Raw material, parts or accessories  for use manufacture of artificial kidneys, disposable sterilized dialyzer and micro-barrier of artificial kidney

      Applicable rate

      Nil

       

       

      Food processing

       

       

      3

      0801 32 10

      Cashew kernel broken 

      ₹ 60/ Kg or45%, whichever is higher

      70%

      4

      0801 32 20,

      0801 32 90

      Cashew kernel whole, Cashew nuts shelled, others 

      ₹ 75/ Kg or 45%, whichever is higher

      70%

       

       

      Nuclear Fuels and Nuclear Energy projects

       

       

      5

      2612 10 00

      All forms of Uranium ores and Concentrates for generation of nuclear power (Uranium concentrate U3O8 already exempt)

      2.5%

      Nil

      6

      2844 20 00

      All goods for use in generation of Nuclear power (Certain goods such as sintered natural uranium dioxide already exempt)

      7.5%

      Nil

      7

      9801

      All goods required for setting up of the following power projects under project imports: -

      a)Mahi Banswara Atomic Power project- 1 to 4, Mahi Banswara site Rajasthan

      b)Kaiga Atomic Power project – 5 & 6, Kaiga site, Karnataka

      c)Gorakhpur Atomic Power project- 3 & 4, GHAVP, Haryana

      d)Chutka Atomic Power project- 1 & 2, Chutka site, Madhya Pradesh

      Applicable rate

      Nil

       

       

      Oils and associated chemicals 

       

       

      8

      Chapter 15, 

      2915 70,

      3823 11 00,

      3823 12 00, 3823 13 00,

      3823 19 00

      Palm stearin and other oils, having 20% or more free fatty acid, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate and other industrial monocarboxylic fatty acids, acid oils from refining, for use in manufacture of soap and oleochemicals.

      Nil

      7.5%

       

       

      Petroleum and Petrochemicals

       

       

      9

      2709 00 00

      Petroleum Crude

      Nil

      Re. 1 per tonne

      10

      2710

      Naphtha

      5%

      4 %

      11

      2903 15 00

      Ethylene dichloride (EDC)

      2%

      Nil

      12

      2910 20 00

      Methyloxirane (Propylene Oxide)

      7.5%

      5%

      13

       

      Plastic and Rubber 

       

       

      14

      3904

      Poly Vinyl Chloride

      7.5%

      10%

      15

      3926 90 91,

      3926 90 99 

      Articles of plastics 

      10%

      15%

      16

      4002 31 00

       All goods i.e. Butyl Rubber

      5%

      10%

      17

      4002 39 00

       Chlorobutyl rubber or bromobutyl rubber

      5%

      10%

       

       

      Paper and Paper products

       

       

      18

       48

      a. Newsprint 

      Nil

      10%

       

       

      b.Uncoated paper used for printing of newspapers

       

       

       

       

      c.Lightweight coated paper used for printing of magazines

       

       

      19

      4901 10 10,

      4901 91 00,

      4901 99 00

      Printed books (including covers for printed books) and printed manuals, in bound form or in loose-leaf form with binder, executed on paper or any other material including transparencies.

      Nil

      5%

       

       

      Textiles

       

       

      20

      5101

      Wool Fibre

      5%

      2.5%

      21

      5105

      Wool Tops

      5%

      2.5%

       

       

      Flooring materials

       

       

      22

      2515 12 20,

      6802 10 00,

      6802 21 10,

      6802 21 20,

      6802 21 90,

      6802 91 00,

      6802 92 00

      Marble Slabs

      20%

      40%

       

       

      Inputs for Optical Fibres

       

       

      23

      28 or 70

      Raw materials used in manufacture of Preform of Silica:-

      (i)Refrigerated Helium Liquid (2804 29 10)

      (ii)Silicon Tetra Chloride and Germanium Tetra Chloride (2812 19 20, 2812)

      (iii)Silica Rods (7002 20 90)

      (iv)Silica Tube (7002 31 00)

      Applicable Rate

       

      Nil  

      24

      5603 94 00

      Water blocking tapes for manufacture of optical fiber cable

      Nil

      20%

       

       

      Precious Metals

       

       

      25

      7106

      Silver dore bar, having silver content not exceeding 95%

      8.5%

      11%

      26

      7108

      Gold dore bar, having gold content not exceeding 95%

      9.35%

      11.85%

      27

      71 or 98

      (a) Gold (excluding ornaments studded with stones or pearls) imported by an eligible passenger as baggage

      (b)Silver (excluding ornaments studded with stones or pearls)  imported by an eligible passenger as baggage

      10%

      12.5%

       

       

      Iron and Steel, Other base metals

       

       

      28

      7218

      Stainless steel in ingots or other primary forms; semi-finished products of stainless less

      5%

      7.5%

      29

      7224

      Other alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms; semi-finished products of other alloy steel

      5%

      7.5%

      30

       

      7225, 

      7225 19 90

      Inputs for the  manufacture of CRGO steel:-

      a) MgO coated cold rolled steel coils

      b)Hot rolled coils

      c)Cold-rolled MgO coated and annealed steel

      d)Hot rolled annealed and pickled coils

      e)Cold rolled full hard

      5%

      2.5%

      31

      7226 99 30

      Amorphous alloy ribbon

      10%

      5%

      32

      7229

      Wire of other alloy steel (other than INVAR)

      5%

      7.5%

      33

      8105 20 10

      Cobalt mattes and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy

      5%

      2.5%

       

       

      Capital goods

       

       

      34

      8474 20 10

      Stone crushing (cone type) plants for the construction of roads

      Nil

      7.5%

      35

      82, 84, 85 or 90

      Capital goods used for manufacturing of following electronic items, namely-

      (i)Populated PCBA

      (ii)Camera module of cellular mobile phones

      (iii)Charger/Adapter of cellular mobile phone

      (iv)Lithium Ion Cell

      (v)Display Module

      (vi)Set Top Box

      (vii)Compact Camera Module 

      Applicable rate

      Nil

      36

      84, 85 or 90

      Capital goods used for manufacturing of specified electronic items, namely-

      (i)Cathode Ray tubes;

      (ii)CD/CD-R/DVD/DVD-R;

      (iii)Deflection components, CRT monitors/CTVs;

      (iv)Plasma Display Panel

      Nil 

      Applicable 

       

       

      Electronics

       

       

      37

      8504 40

      Charger/Power adapter for CCTV camera/IP camera/DVR/NVR

      Nil

      15%

      38

      85

      Specified electronic items like plugs, sockets, switches, connectors,  relays.

      Nil

      Applicable rate

       

       

      Automobile and automobile parts 

       

       

      39

      8421 39 20,

      8421 39 90

      Catalytic convertor (All goods under these tariff items other than catalytic converters will continue at 7.5%)

      5%

      10%

      40

      8702, 8704

      Completely Built Unit (CBU) of vehicles falling under heading 8702, 8704

      25%

      30%

      41

      Any Chapter 

      (i)E-Drive assembly, 

      (ii)On board charger, 

      (iii)E-compressor and

      (iv)Charging Gun

      Following parts of electric vehicles: -

      Applicable rate

      Nil

      42

      87

      Prescribing actual user condition in respect of existing exemption from BCD to parts of Hybrid vehicles

      -

      -

       

       

      Oil rigs and other goods used for oil exploration

       

       

      43

      84 or any other chapter 

      Providing option to pay BCD at transaction value on the disposal of goods, imported without payment of customs duty for petroleum operations / coal bed Methane operations where such disposal is made in unserviceable and mutilated condition

      Applicable rate on depreciated value 

      7.5% on transaction value

       

       

      Export Promotion for Sports goods

       

       

      44

      39 , 4407 

      Foam/EVA foam (39) and Pine Wood (4407) are being included in the list of items allowed duty free import upto 3% of FOB value of sports goods exported in the preceding financial year subject to specified conditions

      Applicable rate

      Nil

       

      Clarifications and Miscellaneous changes regarding Basic Customs Duty

       

       

      Fisheries

       

       

      45

      2309

      Clarification is being issue that prawn feed and shrimp larvae feed, other than in pellet form will also attract 5% customs duty applicable on other fish feed in pellet form.  

       

       

       

       

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax