Written down value rules: formulaic WDV computation and continuity across specified corporate transfers ensure consistent depreciation treatment.
Computation of written down value uses three treatments: actual cost for assets acquired in the year; actual cost less depreciation actually allowed for assets acquired earlier; and block computation by [(A - D) + B - C] - E with statutory caps. The provision maps WDV/actual-cost continuity across specified corporate transfers (holding/subsidiary, amalgamation, demerger, LLP conversion, corporatisation), deems carried-forward depreciation to be depreciation actually allowed, and requires revaluation/book-depreciation adjustments where earlier years lacked tax computation.

Cost of acquisition continuity: transferee inherits transferor's cost plus improvements and transfer expenses for stock-in-trade sales.
When an asset received on amalgamation, by gift, will, irrevocable trust, or HUF partition is sold as stock-in-trade, the transferee's cost of acquisition is the sum of the transferor's original cost, any cost of improvement, and any expenditure incurred by the transferor or amalgamating company wholly and exclusively in connection with the transfer; certain assets are excluded by separate statutory provision and no alternative valuation or evidentiary rules are provided.

Computation of actual cost: adjustments for third party funding and input tax credits limit depreciable base.
Section 39 defines actual cost for assets used in business or profession as the assessee's cost reduced by amounts borne by another person, GST/input tax credits where claimed and allowed, excise/additional customs duty credits where claimed and allowed, and any subsidy, grant or reimbursement relatable to acquisition; it excludes payments made outside prescribed banking/online modes beyond the daily threshold and prescribes a formula to apportion non asset specific subsidies across assets.

Recapture of previously claimed deductions: reversals, recoveries and asset disposals treated as business income under tax law.
Certain receipts are deemed profits and gains where they reverse or offset earlier deductions or allowances: remission or cessation of trading liabilities; gains on disposal of tangible assets where proceeds plus scrap value exceed written down value; sale of research capital assets sold without other use where proceeds plus prior deductions exceed capital expenditure; recoveries of bad debts previously deducted; and withdrawals from special reserves previously deducted. Applicability requires that the earlier allowance was made in assessment, assets were used for business or profession with depreciation claimed and allowed, and research assets were not used for other purposes; successors in business are within scope.

Actual-payment rule: deductions are taxable only when actually paid, with narrow early-payment carve-outs and contractual limits.
Section 37 makes specified business deductions allowable only in the tax year in which they are actually paid, regardless of accounting method or when liability arose. Enumerated categories include statutory levies, employer fund contributions, leave-in-lieu payments, amounts referred to section 32(a), interest on loans/advances/borrowings from specified financial entities, payments to Indian Railways, and late payments to micro and small enterprises; limited exceptions permit earlier-year deduction if paid by the return filing due date (excluding MSME payments), and conversion of interest into deferred instruments is not treated as payment.

Restrictions on deductions for related party payments require arm's length pricing and specified electronic payment modes for eligibility.
Section 36 empowers the Assessing Officer to disallow payments to specified persons that are excessive or unreasonable relative to fair market value, legitimate business needs, or benefit to the assessee; defines specified persons and a 20% substantial interest test; prohibits deductibility of aggregate cash payments in a day above prescribed thresholds unless made through specified banking/online modes (with a higher threshold for carriage services); treats subsequent cash payments as business income where deduction had been earlier allowed; and adds an exclusion for marked to market or expected losses except as expressly allowable.

Non-deductibility for unpaid withholding taxes: deductions denied until the required tax or equalisation levy is paid.
Section 35 conditions deduction of business or professional expenses on compliance with withholding and levy obligations: where tax or equalisation levy required to be deducted or paid is not timely deducted/paid, a specified portion of the payment is disallowed in the year of non-compliance and is allowed only in the year when the tax or levy is actually deducted and paid; parallel deeming rules and provisos address later deduction/payment and certain default scenarios, while partnership and association rules restrict deduction for unauthorised or excessive partner/member remuneration and interest.

Deduction for depreciation: statutory framework limits and special incentives for qualifying business assets under the tax code.
Section 33 provides for deduction for depreciation on tangible and specified intangible assets used wholly and exclusively for business or profession, excluding goodwill; it prescribes computation by blocks and prescribed rates, applies special rules for power undertakings and leasehold improvements, imposes a 50% restriction for assets first used less than 180 days, allows an additional first-year deduction for qualifying new plant and machinery subject to strict conditions, and prescribes pro rata allocation and ceilings on claims in succession, amalgamation or demerger with carry-forward rules for unallowed depreciation.

Other deductions for business income clarified: special reserve caps, temporal interest disallowance, and prescribed mark to market rules apply.
Clause 32 lists allowable other deductions for business income, including employee bonuses, interest on borrowings subject to temporal disallowance until asset is first put to use, contributions to notified guarantee funds, prescribed pro rata discount on zero coupon bonds, a capped special reserve for specified entities tied to eligible business profits and capital/reserve limits, notified non-capital expenditures by statutory corporations, co-operative sugar purchase support, marked-to-market or expected losses computed under prescribed standards, phased deductions for family planning capital expenditure, loss on animals, and payment of transaction taxes where business income arises.

Provision for bad debts limits deductions for financial entities and ties write-off claims to provision account debits.
Section 31 separates a capped, percentage-based deduction for provisions for bad and doubtful debts available to specified financial assessees from separate deductibility of actual irrecoverable debts. Written-off debts are deductible only if previously taken into account for income computation or advanced in the ordinary course of business; for those claiming the percentage provision the deduction is limited to amounts exceeding the provision account credit and is permitted only where the relevant bad debt or part thereof has been debited to the single provision account in the tax year.

Deductibility of gratuity provisions clarified: certain gratuity provisions deductible despite a general prohibition, with anti double deduction rule.
Section 29 permits employer deductions for specified employee welfare payments: recognised provident and approved superannuation contributions subject to prescribed limits and Board conditions; pension scheme contributions subject to a statutory ceiling with a defined salary concept; contributions to approved gratuity funds held in irrevocable trust; provisions for contributions to such gratuity funds or for payment of gratuity that has become payable during the tax year; and employee contributions credited by the prescribed due date. The As Passed text clarifies that the allowance for certain gratuity provisions operates notwithstanding the general disallowance on provisions, and prevents a second deduction on actual payments where a provision deduction was already claimed.

Deductions for business asset expenses broadened where used for business, subject to apportionment and capital expenditure classification.
Allowable deductions for business or professional profits include insurance premiums, land revenue/local rates/municipal taxes, rent for premises occupied as a tenant, current repairs to premises when not a tenant, and cost of repairs where a tenant has undertaken to bear repair costs. Expenditure in the nature of capital expenditure is excluded. Where assets are partly used for business, deduction is restricted to a fair proportionate part as determined by the Assessing Officer. The Passed Act broadens use-based entitlement and expressly permits repairs to machinery, plant and furniture.

Business income inclusion expanded to capture specified receipts and broadened recapture for assets with previously allowed capital allowances.
Section 26 charges income under the head Profits and gains of business or profession by an inclusive list that captures receipts such as compensation for termination or modification of management/agency/contract, profits on sale of import licences and export incentives, partner remuneration, sums for non competition or withholding of know how, Keyman insurance proceeds, fair market value on inventory treated as capital asset, and recapture receipts where whole expenditure was previously allowed as a deduction under specified statutory provisions.

Owner definition expanded to include transfers without adequate consideration and long-term rights, widening house-property tax reach.
For the purposes of sections 20-24 (income from house property), the provision inclusively defines owner to cover persons who transfer property without adequate consideration to specified relatives (subject to an agreement to live apart exception), holders of impartible estates (deemed individual owners for all properties in the estate), cooperative society allottees or lessees under house-building schemes, persons in possession under section 53A part-performance arrangements, and persons acquiring long-term or enabling rights in property; leases of month-to-month or not exceeding one year are excluded from clause (e).

Taxation of arrears of rent: treat receipts as house property income in year of receipt with a standard deduction.
Arrears of rent and unrealised rent realised subsequently are deemed income from house property in the year of receipt or realisation, included in total income irrespective of the recipient's ownership status in that year, with a prescribed deduction equal to 30% of the amount received.

Deduction from house property: 30% standard deduction and spreadable pre acquisition interest with capped interest relief.
Deductions for Income from House Property allow a 30% standard deduction on annual value (as determined under section 21) and interest on borrowed capital for acquisition/construction; pre acquisition interest is spread in five equal instalments beginning in the year of acquisition/construction, spread amounts must be reduced by interest already allowed under other provisions, and capped aggregate interest deductions apply with certificate and completion conditions, while interest payable outside India is disallowed unless appropriate tax withholding or agent arrangements exist.

Determination of annual value: higher of expected or actual rent, with narrowed vacancy test and specific exemptions.
Annual value is the higher of expected rent or actual rent received/receivable where let; the enacted text narrows vacancy relief by requiring that vacancy-related reduction make actual rent lower than the notional expected rent before annual value is fixed at actual receipts. Local taxes actually paid reduce annual value, unrealised rent is excluded subject to rules, stock-in-trade newly completed and not let enjoys two years nil annual value upon completion certificate, and owner-occupation yields nil annual value for up to two specified houses unless let or other benefits are derived.

Deductions from salaries: defined categories, formulaic computation and aggregation limits govern tax relief eligibility.
Section 19 itemises fourteen categories of salary related receipts that are deductible or exempt and prescribes formulas, ceilings and conditions for each. Relief for gratuity, leave encashment, pension commutation, retrenchment and voluntary retirement is computed by statutory formulas or by reference to notified limits and other enactments; an aggregation rule limits cumulative exemption where multiple receipts occur. The provision depends on cross references to other statutes and notifications, requiring classification, documentary evidence and tracing of prior exemptions to determine allowable deductions.

Perquisite taxation: employer-provided benefits and securities treated as taxable salary components, with limited exclusions and prescribed valuation.
Section 17 defines perquisite for salary taxation by listing employer-provided benefits treated as perquisites-including accommodation, employer-paid obligations, securities and sweat equity allotted or transferred at concessional rates, employer-paid insurance premiums and excess retirement contributions-while excluding certain employer-funded medical treatment, approved insurance arrangements, commuting vehicle expenditure and conditional foreign medical/travel payments; valuation methods and thresholds are delegated to subordinate rules and cross-references link perquisite treatment to existing constructs for gross total income and approved fund schemes.

Conditional exclusion from total income: schedule-based incomes and persons excluded if conditions met; otherwise included in tax base.
A conditional exclusion regime provides that incomes in Schedules II-VI and persons in Schedule VII are excluded from total income only if schedule conditions are satisfied; failure to satisfy conditions results in inclusion of such income in total income and taxation for the relevant tax year, and the Central Government is empowered to make rules or notifications to operationalise those schedules.