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Manuals Income Tax
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Perquisite valuation of employer provided motor car treats engine capacity, driver cost, recoveries and private use depreciation.
Perquisite valuation for employer provided motor cars uses a fixed monthly valuation for car and driver where engine capacity falls below the higher threshold; recoveries from the employee do not reduce that fixed valuation. If the vehicle is used exclusively for private purposes, the taxable perquisite is calculated as annual depreciation plus petrol, driver and maintenance costs, minus any amount recovered from the employee.
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Rent-free accommodation valuation: taxable value is the lower of a percentage of salary or employer-paid rent for perquisite computation.
Taxable value of a rent-free accommodation perquisite is the lower of (a) 15% of salary (computed as basic salary plus DA plus commission) and (b) employer paid annual rent. In the example the aggregated annual basic, DA and commission are used to calculate the 15% benchmark, which is then compared with the annual lease rent to determine the taxable perquisite.
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Taxable value of rent-free accommodation set at a percentage of salary when city population exceeds threshold.
Taxable perquisite for rent free accommodation is computed by applying the population based percentage to Salary, defined to include Basic, DA (forming part of salary) and Commission; the taxable value equals the prescribed percentage of that aggregated salary.
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House Rent Allowance exemption under section 10(13A) requires choosing the minimum of three salary-based tests to determine taxable HRA.
The exemption under section 10(13A) and Rule 2A is the minimum of actual HRA received, rent paid in excess of ten percent of salary, and the prescribed percentage of salary. In the example actual HRA is 36,000; excess rent over ten percent of salary is 26,400; forty percent of salary is 38,400. The exempt amount is therefore 26,400 and the remaining 9,600 is included in gross salary.
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Voluntary retirement compensation tax treatment: exemption limited by statutory ceiling formulas; excess is treated as taxable salary.
Computation of taxability of voluntary retirement compensation is governed by a statutory exemption limited by prescribed ceiling formulas and the principle that the exempt amount is the lesser of specified sums. In the example, compensation received of 700,000 gives an exempt amount of 500,000 under the statutory ceiling, leaving 200,000 as taxable salary under the governing exemption provision and associated rules.
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Retrenchment compensation exemption under Sec. 10(10B): apply least-of-three test for calculating taxable retrenchment; excess taxable.
Computation of retrenchment compensation exemption under Sec. 10(10B): compute the three comparator sums using the employee's service length and salary components, take the least of those sums as exempt. In the example the exempt amount is Rs. 4,32,692 and the remaining Rs. 5,67,308 of the retrenchment payment is taxable.
Manuals Income Tax
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Leave salary exemption under section 10(10AA) limited by average salary and statutory caps, yielding the lowest applicable ceiling.
Computation of leave salary exemption under section 10(10AA) requires determining average salary by annualising ten months' basic pay plus the proportion of dearness allowance included for retirement benefits and dividing by ten. Unavailed leave months equal total entitlement minus leaves taken and leaves earlier encashed. The exempt leave salary is the least of (unavailed months x average salary), (ten months' average salary), and the statutory ceilings; the example selects the lowest applicable ceiling as exempt.
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Commuted pension tax treatment: part exempt, part taxable; exemption reduced where gratuity is received.
Uncommuted pension is fully taxable as salary; commuted pension is partly exempt and partly taxable. Compute a notional full pension value from the commuted payment and apply an exemption fraction: if no gratuity is received, one half of the notional full pension value is exempt; if gratuity is received, one third is exempt. The remainder of the commuted payment is chargeable to tax as salary and must be added to taxable uncommuted pension to determine total taxable pension income.
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Gratuity exemption: least of three test determines exempt portion for noncovered employers; excess gratuity is taxable.
Gratuity from a noncovered employer is exempt to the extent of the least of three amounts: the service based fraction computed from the average monthly salary (which includes basic pay, one month's dearness allowance, and average monthly commission), the statutory monetary ceiling, and the gratuity actually received; any excess over that exempt amount is taxable.
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Gratuity exemption: part determined by 15 days salary times completed years, excess treated as taxable salary.
Gratuity exemption is determined by taking the least of: the product of 15 days' salary and completed years of service, the statutory ceiling, and the gratuity received. Completed years may be rounded to include qualifying months. The exempt portion is that least amount; any excess over the exempt amount is taxable as salary income in the assessment year.
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Gratuity exemption under Section 10(10)(i) remains available even if retiree accepts private sector employment after retirement.
Gratuity paid to a government employee on retirement is fully exempt from income tax under the governing gratuity exemption provision, and that exemption remains available even if the retiree subsequently accepts employment in the private sector.
Case Laws Central Excise
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Prospective effect of administrative circulars: "henceforth" signals non-retrospective application, barring past-duty demands.
When the Board uses language such as "henceforth" a circular is to be treated as having prospective effect; consequently, if the Board did not intend retrospective application, the circular cannot support demands for duties predating its issuance.
Manuals Service Tax
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Refund of application fee: advance ruling applications are not refundable even if the applicant withdraws the application.
There is no statutory or regulatory provision permitting refund of fees paid for advance-ruling applications; fees are retained and not returned on withdrawal, a position noted in the Service Tax Practice Manual and reflected in the Authority for Advance Rulings decision cited.
Manuals Service Tax
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Advance ruling review barred except when ruling procured by fraud or misrepresentation, enabling annulment under law.
The Authority for Advance Rulings lacks jurisdiction to reconsider or review its own ruling absent a substantiated mistake of law or fact or a mistake apparent from the record warranting rectification or amendment under the procedural regulations; however, a previously announced ruling may be declared void ab initio if it is shown to have been obtained by fraud or misrepresentation of facts.
Manuals Service Tax
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Advance ruling jurisdiction excludes Board circulars; notifications by the government are distinct and control admissibility.
Advance ruling jurisdiction does not extend to Board circulars because the statute expressly contemplates government notifications for advance-ruling purposes while omitting circulars; the power to issue circulars is conferred on the Board under the Central Excise framework made applicable to service tax, whereas notification-making power in the service-tax provisions is vested in the Central Government, producing a statutory limitation on advance-ruling admissibility.
Manuals Service Tax
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Government company eligibility for advance ruling confirmed; subsidiaries retain separate legal personality and may also apply.
A government company is eligible to apply for an advance ruling and a subsidiary of a government company may also file because the holding company and each subsidiary are separate legal entities with independent rights to apply; a step-down subsidiary falls within the definition of an applicant, rendering its advance-ruling application maintainable.
Manuals Service Tax
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Writ remedy against advance rulings where no statutory appeal exists; seek High Court review under constitutional writ jurisdiction.
No statutory appeal exists against orders of the Advance Ruling Authority; the available remedial route is a writ petition invoking constitutional writ jurisdiction in the appropriate High Court. The Supreme Court has indicated parties should approach the High Court rather than seek direct original jurisdiction at the apex court, and courts are urged to allocate and expedite fiscal writ matters.
Manuals Service Tax
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Appeal on new grounds barred where party lacks aggrievement; omitted issues may be raised later upon arising.
An appellant cannot maintain an appeal on entirely new grounds if the assessing or appellate authority has approved the assessee's classification or fully allowed the revenue's prayer, because there is no aggrievement; however, issues not considered by the tribunal may be agitated later when a cause of action arises.
Manuals Service Tax
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Locus standi limits: only aggrieved private parties may challenge tax notices; third-party appeals are not maintainable.
Only the private operators against whom tax notices are issued possess the requisite standing to challenge those notices; third parties lack authority to prosecute appeals or writs on their behalf, and challenges must be instituted by the directly aggrieved parties through the statutory remedy, who may then raise all issues available to them in accordance with law.
Manuals Service Tax
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Finality of tribunal orders bars fresh appeals, preventing restoration by filing a new appeal against the same order.
When an appeal has been rejected by the Tribunal there is no scope for entertaining an application for restoration by filing a fresh appeal in respect of the same order; similarly, once a Tribunal order has become final for lack of further appeal, the finality of orders precludes fresh appeals challenging that same order.

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OTHER CHANGES PROPOSED IN THE CUSTOM NOTIFICATIONS

1 February, 2026

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Union Budget 2026-27 - Finance Bill, 2026

1. S. No. 69A of notification No. 25/2002 dated 1st March, 2002 is being modified to extend the BCD exemption currently available on capital goods for use in the manufacturing of Lithium- Ion Cells for batteries of Electrically Operated Vehicles, to cover batteries for stationary energy storage applications i.e. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) also. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

2. S. No. 334A is being introduced in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 to extend BCD exemption to raw materials for manufacture of parts of aircraft for maintenance, repair, or overhauling of aircraft or components or parts of aircraft, including engines, provided that the goods are imported by Public Sector Units under the Ministry of Defence. This exemption is subject to following the procedure set out in the Customs (Import of Goods at Concessional Rate of Duty or for Specified End Use) Rules, 2022 (IGCRS Rules 2022). Further, the importer has to produce an end-use certificate from an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Defence. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.75

3. S. No. 335A is being introduced in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 to extend BCD exemption to components or parts, including engines, of aircraft, for the manufacture of aircraft and parts thereof, provided that the importer adheres to the procedure set out in the IGCRS Rules 2022. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

4. The exemption under S.No. 66 of TABLE II in notification No. 45/2025-Customs has been modified to cover goods required for setting up of specified Nuclear Power Project, irrespective of their capacity, as certified by an officer not below the rank of a Joint Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy. Further, the validity of this exemption is being extended from 30.09.2027 to 30.09.2035. The eligibility of contracts covered under the scope of this exemption is also being extended to all contracts registered with the Customs Houses concerned on or before 30.09.2035. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

5. The List 3 appended to TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 has been modified to include 17 new drugs/medicines for extending BCD exemption. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

6. The List 22 appended to TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 has been modified to include 7 rare diseases that are a part of National Policy for Rare Disease (NPRD), 2021 for extending custom duty exemption on drugs, medicines and food for special medical purposes, when imported for personal use. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026

7. Notification No. 36/2024-Customs dated 23.07.2024 was issued to exempt 55 groups of critical minerals from Basic Customs Duty and Social Welfare Surcharge. As a simplification measure, 29 entries of this notification are being been omitted with effect from 01.05.2026 by shifting the effective rates to the Tariff itself. Further, 22 redundant entries are being omitted from this notification with effect from 02.02.2026. In addition, the following three entries are being merged in notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025, with effect from 02.02.2026. As a consequence, notification No. 36/2024-Customs is proposed to be rescinded with effect from 01.05.2026.

Sl.No.

S. No. of notification No. 36/2024- Customs

Description

1.

38

Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids of Beryllium and Rhenium

[vide insertion of S.No. 110B in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025]

2.

39

Compounds, inorganic or organic of rare earth metals

[vide insertion of S.No. 111A in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025]

3.

55

Unwrought; waste and scrap; powders of: —

(i) Gallium

(ii) Germanium

(iii) Indium

(iv) Niobium

(v) Vanadium

[vide insertion of S.No. 226A in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025]

Note: Effective BCD rates will remain the same.

 


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Union Budget 2026-27 - Finance Bill, 2026

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Acts Income Tax