Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

The taxation of capital gains is proposed to be rationalized and simplified.

There are three components to this simplification. Firstly, it is proposed that there will only be two holding periods, 12 months and 24 months, for determining whether the capital gains is short-term capital gains or long term capital gains. For all listed securities, the holding period is proposed to be 12 months and for all other assets, it shall be 24 months. Accordingly, amendment is proposed in clause (42A) of section 2 of the Act. Thus units of listed business trust will now be at par with listed equity shares at 12 months instead of earlier 36 months. The holding period for bonds, debentures, gold will reduce from 36 months to 24 months. For unlisted shares and immovable property it shall remain at 24 months.

2. Secondly, the rate for short-term capital gain under provisions of section 111A of the Act on STT paid equity shares, units of equity oriented mutual fund and unit of a business trust is proposed to be increased to 20% from the present rate of 15% as the present rate is too low and the benefit from such low rate is flowing largely to high net worth individuals. Other short-term capital gains shall continue to be taxed at applicable rate.

2.1 The rate of long-term capital gains under provisions of various sections of the Act is proposed to be 12.5% in respect of all category of assets. This rate earlier was 10% for STT paid listed equity shares, units of equity-oriented fund and business trust under section 112A and for other assets it was 20% with indexation under section 112. However, an exemption of gains upto 1.25 lakh (aggregate) is proposed for long-term capital gains under section 112A on STT paid equity shares, units of equity oriented fund and business trust, thus, increasing the previously available exemption which was upto 1 lakh of income from long term capital gains on such assets. For bonds and debentures, rate for taxation of long-term capital gains was 20% without indexation. For listed bonds and debentures, the rate shall be reduced to 12.5%. Unlisted debentures and unlisted bonds are of the nature of debt instruments and therefore any capital gains on them should be taxed at applicable rate, whether short-term or long-term. It is proposed accordingly.

2.2 Thus, unlisted debentures and unlisted bonds are proposed to be brought to tax at applicable rates by including them under provisions of section 50AA of the Act. This amendment in section 50AA shall come into effect from the 23rd day of July, 2024.

3. Thirdly, simultaneously with rationalisation of rate to 12.5%, indexation available under second proviso to section 48 is proposed to be removed for calculation of any long-term capital gains which is presently available for property, gold and other unlisted assets. This will ease computation of capital gains for the taxpayer and the tax administration.

4. Parity in taxation between resident and non-resident assesses: To bring parity of taxation between residents and non-residents, corresponding amendments to section 115AD, 115AB, 115AC, 115ACA and 115E are being made to align the rates of taxation in respect of long-term capital gains proposed under section 112A and 112 and rates of short term capital gains proposed under section 111A.

5. Further, consequential amendments to align the withholding tax provisions with the substantive provisions to give effect to the proposed changes in rates of capital gains tax are being made under section 196B and 196C.

6. These proposals are proposed to be given effect immediately i.e. with effect from the 23rd of July, 2024.

[Clauses 3, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 63 & 64]

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Full Text:

Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

Capital gains reform: simplified holding periods, unified long-term rate, higher short-term levy, and removal of indexation. The Bill simplifies capital gains taxation by creating two holding periods-shorter for listed securities and longer for other assets-raising the specific short-term rate for securities subject to securities transaction tax while unifying long-term gains under a single lower rate with an increased exemption for specified securities; it removes indexation for long-term gains on property, gold and unlisted assets, brings unlisted debentures and bonds to tax at applicable rates, and aligns non-resident and withholding provisions to the new rates, effective from the operative date in the Bill.