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    Case LawsIncome Tax
    Jurisdictional Prerequisites for Initiating Reassessment u/s 148: Non-Depoist of TDS by the Employer
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    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Jurisdictional prerequisite: notice in the name of a deceased person invalidates reassessment initiation under Section 148.
    A notice under Section 148 issued in the name of a deceased person is a jurisdictional defect because a valid notice to the correct person is a condition precedent to reopening an assessment; legal representatives have no statutory duty to intimate death; where salary tax has been deducted at source, reassessment cannot be pursued against the deceased or their representatives, and employer non-deposit of TDS does not create an outstanding demand against the assessee or their legal representatives.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Revisional power: Commissioner may consider subsequent records available at time of examination in tax proceedings.
    The Court construed the Commissioner's revisional power to permit consideration of all materials relating to the proceeding that are available at the time of his examination, including documents and valuation reports that came on the file after the assessment order; the Explanation to the provision was read as clarificatory, giving an inclusive meaning to "record" rather than restricting it to what the Assessing Officer had when passing the assessment.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Revision powers under section 264: Commissioner must consider expanded record and rehear revision petitions on merits.
    The Court held that the Commissioner must consider a revision petition on its merits and that the term record in revision proceedings extends beyond the return and assessment order to include material from other sources and prior assessments. It emphasised consistency in treatment of continuing transactions and required the Principal Commissioner to take into account all relevant materials, identify any apparent mistakes, afford a personal hearing, and pass a reasoned order within a short timeframe.
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    Natural justice in tax proceedings: show cause notices must allege fraud or concealment before enhanced recovery is invoked.
    The court quashed the enhanced-provision show cause notice for failing to allege the essential elements of fraud, willful misstatement, or suppression of facts and held that the enhanced regime may be invoked only when the adjudicating authority is prima facie satisfied of those elements and records that satisfaction in the notice; absent such express allegations the proceedings are without jurisdiction though fresh proceedings may be initiated with a proper notice.
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    Plant classification under GST: functionality test determines ITC eligibility for buildings serving special technical requirements.
    The expression plant or machinery in Section 17(5)(d) of the CGST Act must be interpreted by reference to functionality rather than by equating it with the statutory definition of "plant and machinery." A building qualifies as a plant for ITC purposes if, on the facts, it was planned and constructed to serve the assessee's special technical or operational requirements. The functionality test is fact-specific and requires case-by-case analysis of the building's role in the assessee's business.
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    Inordinate delay in adjudication bars further proceedings on stale show cause notices absent a reasonable explanation.
    The court found the delay from 2008 to 2021 inordinate and unexplained, concluding the respondents did not provide a reasonable explanation; the delayed transfer to the call book without intimation breached statutory intimation requirements, and established precedent limits reliance on higher authority to excuse gross unexplained delays in adjudication of show cause notices.
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    Inordinate delay in adjudication undermines procedural fairness and bars continuation of prolonged, unexplained proceedings.
    The court found that prolonged, unexplained delay in adjudicating a show cause notice breached procedural fairness and natural justice, causing irretrievable prejudice by impairing evidence preservation and business planning. Delay attributable to the revenue authorities, contrary to Tribunal directions for timely disposal, rendered continuance of proceedings unsustainable and emphasized the necessity of justifying delay and ensuring timely adjudication.
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    Pandemic relief legislation upheld: re-assessment notices issued during lockdown remain valid despite later procedural rule.
    The court interpreted the pandemic relief legislation as providing comprehensive relief that extended to procedural obligations in force at the time of issuance, not confined solely to extensions of time. It applied the principle that statutes operate prospectively and concluded the later-introduced procedural provision does not apply retrospectively to invalidate earlier-issued re-assessment notices, limiting its analysis to the validity of issuance and not the merits of re-assessment proceedings.
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    Faceless assessment mechanism requires reassessment steps to follow a centralized faceless procedure, otherwise territorial officer lacks jurisdiction.
    The Scheme framed under the enabling provision must be read to include preliminary proceedings linked to reassessment, so that reassessment initiation and related steps follow the faceless mechanism; concurrent exercise of territorial and faceless functions would undermine the Scheme's purpose and render steps taken outside the faceless protocol inconsistent with the statutory framework.
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    Evidentiary value of survey statements: survey disclosures lack conclusive weight and require independent corroboration.
    Statements recorded during a tax survey are permissive and not taken on oath, so they are not conclusive evidence by themselves; they cannot be treated as inherently incriminating material to justify reopening assessments or making additions without independent corroboration, and must be recorded free of coercion in line with administrative instructions and judicial precedents.
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    Faceless assessment jurisdiction: JAO lacked authority under the statutory faceless procedure, invalidating improperly issued notices.
    The court determined that reassessment notices and related proceedings were inconsistent with the statutory faceless assessment framework because they were issued without following the prescribed allocation of jurisdiction and procedural sequence under the faceless mechanism; administrative orders purportedly exempting cases were not read to displace the statutory requirements and earlier precedent interpreting the faceless provisions was applied.
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    Faceless Assessment: statutory scheme governs jurisdiction and extends to central and international taxation proceedings.
    The court analysed Section 151A read with Sections 144B and 148A and held that administrative instructions dated March 31, 2021 and September 6, 2021 issued under section 119 apply only to assessment orders and do not extend to proceedings under Sections 148A and 148; those instructions cannot be read into the scheme notified on March 29, 2022. The mandatory faceless procedure under Sections 144B and 151A applies to notices and proceedings, including central charges and international taxation charges, and notices issued outside that mechanism fall outside the statutory jurisdictional framework.
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    Doctrine of limitation prevents revival of lapsed reassessment powers; administrative instructions cannot "travel back in time."
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    Mens rea requirement in tax penalties: technical errors without intent cannot justify penalty imposition under GST compliance.
    Requirement of mens rea for imposition of tax penalties is central where e Way Bill compliance is questioned. Mere procedural or timing inconsistencies, without evidence of intent to evade tax and where valid tax invoices accompany the goods and tax has been charged, do not justify penal action. Authorities must establish culpable intent with cogent reasoning and comply with procedural and natural justice safeguards before imposing penalties.
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    Mandatory timelines under Section 144C require assessments to be completed within the prescribed month after DRP direction, else invalid.
    Once the DRP framed directions, the Assessing Officer was obliged to complete the assessment in conformity with those directions within one month from the end of the month in which the DRP's direction was served; service by uploading the DRP directive on the ITBA portal constitutes valid service for computing that period. The procedure does not envisage further involvement of the Transfer Pricing Officer once the DRP's direction is issued and an order under the transfer pricing provision has been remitted to the AO.
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    Mens rea requirement: technical expiry of an e way bill alone cannot justify a tax penalty without intent to evade.
    The court held that a purely technical lapse in E Way Bill formalities - where goods were otherwise covered by two e invoices and two E Way Bills and there was no dispute on consignor, consignee or goods - does not demonstrate the mens rea necessary to impose a penalty under the tax penal provision; authorities' focus on the expired E Way Bill alone was legally insufficient given documentary explanations and absence of intent to evade tax.
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    Exclusion of Limitation Act: GST Act's specific appellate time limits operate as a self contained code, barring general extensions.
    The court analysed whether the GST Act's appellate limitation regime operates as a complete code excluding the general Limitation Act. It applied the principle that fiscal statutes with detailed procedural and temporal rules are to be strictly construed, treating the special statute's limitation provision as implying exclusion of the Limitation Act's extension mechanism, and emphasised policy aims of expeditious dispute resolution, revenue certainty and administrative finality.
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    Assessing Officer discretion in granting stay of tax demand cannot be rigidly constrained by administrative OMs, requiring case specific consideration.
    The Assessing Officer's discretionary power under section 220(6) to grant stay of tax demand is not fettered by CBDT Office Memorandums; those OMs are administrative guidelines and do not mandate a uniform pre deposit. The AO must consider prima facie case, likelihood of success, and undue hardship and may require a higher, lower or no deposit depending on case specific facts. Administrative adjustment of refunds without considering a pending stay application was held arbitrary and the matter was remitted for reconsideration applying these principles.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Technical services interpretation requires specialized expertise and a demonstrable link to payments for withholding tax consequences.
    Interpretation of technical services under the India Ireland DTAA requires the application or transfer of specialized knowledge, skill or expertise; incidental training or assistance enabling a reseller to market standard software does not meet that threshold. The Reseller Agreement did not contemplate technology transfer or bespoke solutions, payments were tied to reseller net revenue, and the record lacked material linking remittances to customized technical services. Authorities must establish an evidentiary and contractual nexus between payments and provision of specialized technical services before applying withholding tax under the treaty.

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      CUSTOMS - OTHER PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES IN NOTIFICATIONS

      24 July, 2024

      Contents
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      Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

      A.

      Changes in Basic Customs Duty (to be effective from 24.07.2024)

      Rates of Duty

      S. No.

      Chapter, Heading, sub- heading, tariff item

      Commodity

      From

      To

      I.

       

      Agricultural Products

       

       

      1.

      1207 99 90

      Shea nuts

      30%

      15%

      II.

       

      Aquafarming & Marine Exports

       

       

      1.

      0306 36

      Live SPF Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) broodstock

      10%

      5%

      2.

      0306 36

      Live Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) broodstock

      10%

      5%

      3.

      0306 36 60

      Artemia

      5%

      Nil

      4.

      0511 91 40

      Artemia cysts

      5%

      Nil

      5.

      0308 90 00

      SPF Polychaete worms

      30%

      5%

      6.

      1504 20

       Fish lipid oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      15%

      Nil

      7.

      1504 20

       Crude fish oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      30%

      Nil

      8.

      1518

      Algal Oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      15%

      Nil

      9.

      2102 20 00

      Algal Prime (flour) for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      15%

      Nil

      10.

      2309 90 90

      Mineral and Vitamin Premixes for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      5%

      Nil

      11.

      2301 10 90

      Insect meal for use in Research & Development purposes in aquatic feed manufacturing

      15%

      5%

      12.

      2309 90 90

      Single Cell Protein from Natural Gas for use in Research & Development purposes in aquatic feed manufacturing

      15%

      5%

      13.

      2301 20

      Krill Meal for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      5%

      Nil

      14.

      1901

      Pre-dust breaded powder for use in processing of sea-food

      30%

      Nil

      15.

      2309 90 31

      Prawn and shrimps feed

      15%

      5%

      16.

      2309 90 39

      Fish feed

      15%

      5%

      III.

       

      Critical Minerals

       

       

      1.

      2504

      Natural Graphite

      5%

      2.5%

      2.

      2505

      Natural sands of all kinds, whether or not coloured, other than metal bearing sands of chapter 26 of The Customs tariff Act, 1975

      5%

      Nil

      3.

      2506

      Quartz (other than natural sands); quartzite, whether or not roughly trimmed or merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks or slabs of a rectangular (including square) shape

      5%

      2.5%

      4.

      2530 90 91

      Strontium sulphate (natural ore)

      5%

      Nil

      5.

      2603 00 00

      Copper ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      6.

      2605 00 00

      Cobalt ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      7.

      2609 00 00

      Tin ores and Concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      8.

      2611 00 00

      Tungsten Ores and Concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      9.

      2613

      Molybdenum ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      10.

      2615 10 00

      Zirconium ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      11.

      2615 90

      Hafnium Ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      12.

      2615 90 10

      Vanadium ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      13.

      2615 90 20

      Niobium or tantalum ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      14.

      2617

      Antimony Ores and Concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      15.

      2804 50 20

      Tellurium

      5%

      Nil

      16.

      2804 61 00

      Silicon, containing by weight not less than 99.99% of silicon

      5%

      Nil

      17.

      2804 69 00

      Other silicon

      5%

      Nil

      18.

      2804 90 00

      Selenium

      5%

      Nil

      19.

      2805 30 00

      Alkali or alkaline earth metals, Rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or inter alloyed

      5%

      Nil

      20.

      2811 22 00

      Silicon dioxide

      7.5%

      2.5%

      21.

      2815 20 00

      Potassium hydroxide

      7.5%

      Nil

      22.

      2816 40 00

      Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium

      7.5%

      Nil

      23.

      2822 00 10

      Cobalt oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      24.

      2822 00 20

      Cobalt hydroxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      25.

      2822 00 30

      Commercial cobalt oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      26.

      2825 20 00

      Lithium oxide and hydroxide

      7.5%

      Nil

      27.

      2825 30

      Vanadium oxides and hydroxides

      2.5%/7.5%

      Nil

      28.

      2825 60 10

      Germanium oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      29.

      2825 70

      Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      30.

      2825 80 00

      Antimony oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      31.

      2825 90 20

      Cadmium oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      32.

      2827 35 00

      Chlorides of Nickel

      7.5%

      Nil

      33.

      2827 39 30

      Strontium chloride

      7.5%

      Nil

      34.

      2833 24 00

      Sulphates of Nickel

      7.5%

      Nil

      35.

      2834 21 00

      Nitrates of potassium

      7.5%

      Nil

      36.

      2836 91 00

      Lithium carbonates

      7.5%

      Nil

      37.

      2836 92 00

      Strontium carbonates

      7.5%

      Nil

      38.

      2841 90 00

      Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids of Beryllium and Rhenium

      7.5%

      Nil

      39.

      2846

      Compounds, inorganic or organic of rare earth metals

      7.5%

      Nil

      40.

      2918 15 30

      Bismuth citrate

      7.5%

      Nil

      41.

      3801

      Artificial Graphite, colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite, preparations based on graphite or other carbon in form of pastes, blocks, plates or other semimanufactures

      7.5%

      2.5%

      42.

      8001

      Unwrought Tin

      5%

      Nil

      43.

      8101 94 00

      Unwrought tungsten, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

      5%

      Nil

      44.

      8102 94 00

      Unwrought molybdenum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

      5%

      Nil

      45.

      8103 20

      Unwrought tantalum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering, powders

      5%

      Nil

      46.

      8105 20 20

      Cobalt, unwrought

      5%

      Nil

      47.

      8106 10 10

      Bismuth, unwrought

      2.5%

      Nil

      48.

      8109 21 00

      Unwrought zirconium, powders, Containing less than 1 part hafnium to 500 parts zirconium by weight

      10%

      Nil

      49.

      8110 10 00

      Unwrought antimony, powders

      2.5%

      Nil

      50.

      8112 12 00

      Beryllium unwrought, powders

      5%

      Nil

      51.

      8112 31

      Hafnium unwrought, waste and scrap, powders

      10%

      Nil

      52.

      8112 41 10

      Rhenium unwrought

      10%

      Nil

      53.

      8112 69 10

      Cadmium unwrought, powders

      5%

      Nil

      54.

      8112 69 20

      Cadmium, wrought

      5%

      Nil

      55.

      8112 92 00

      (ii) Unwrought; waste and scrap; powder of, -

      (i) Gallium

      (ii) Germanium

      (iii) Indium

      (iv) Niobium

      (v) Vanadium

      5%

      Nil

      IV.

       

      Steel Sector

       

       

      1.

      7202 60 00

      Ferro Nickel

      2.5%

      Nil

      2.

      7204

      Ferrous Scrap

      Nil (till 30.09.2024)

      Nil (till 31.03.2 026)

      3.

      7225

      Certain specified raw materials for manufacture of CRGO steel

      Nil (till 30.09.2024)

      Nil (till 31.03.2 026)

      V.

       

      Copper

       

       

      1.

      7402 00 10

      Blister Copper

      5%

      Nil

      VI.

       

      Chemicals and Plastics

       

       

      1.

      3102 30 00

      Ammonium Nitrate, whether or not in aqueous solution

      7.5%

      10%

      2.

      3920 (other than 3920 99 99) or 3921

      All goods other than Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) flex films/flex banner

      25% (with effect from 24.07.2024)

      10%

      3.

      3920 99 99

      All goods other than Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) flex films/flex banner

      25% (with effect from 24.07.2024)

      15%

      VII.

       

      Textile and Leather Sector

       

       

      1.

      2929 10 90

      Methylene Diphenyl Di-isocyanate (MDI) for use in the manufacture of Spandex Yarn

      7.5%

      5% Subject to IGCR conditions

      2.

      41

      Wet white, Crust and finished leather for manufacture of textile or leather garments, leather /synthetic footwear or other leather products, for export

      10%

      Nil Items under Sl. No. 257B and 257C of Notification 50/2017 - Customs, dated 30.06.2017

      3.

      38,48 or any other Chapter

      Certain additional accessories and embellishments for manufacture of textile or leather garments, leather/synthetic footwear or other leather products, for export

      As applicable

      Nil Items under Sl. No. 257B and 257C of Notification 50/2017 - Customs, dated 30.06.2017

      4.

      0505 10

      Real Down Filling Material from Duck or Goose for use in the manufacture of textile or leather garments for export

      30%

      10%

      VIII.

       

      Cancer Drugs

       

       

      1.

      30

      (i) Trastuzumab Deruxtecan,

      (ii) Osimertinib,

      (iii) Durvalumab

      10%

      Nil

      IX.

       

      Precious Metals

       

       

      1.

      7108

      Gold bar

      15%

      6%

      2.

      7108

      Gold dore

      14.35%

      5.35%

      3.

      7106

      Silver bar

      15%

      6%

      4.

      7106

      Silver dore

      14.35%

      5.35%

      5.

      7110

      Platinum, Palladium, Osmium, Ruthenium, Iridium

      15.4%

      6.4%

      6.

      7118

      Coins of precious metals

      15%

      6%

      7.

      7113

      Gold/Silver findings

      15%

      6%

      8.

      71

      Platinum and Palladium used in the manufacture of noble metal solutions, noble metal compounds and catalytic convertors

      7.5%

      5%

      9.

      84

      Bushings made of platinum and rhodium alloy when imported in exchange of worn out or damaged bushings exported out of India

      7.5%

      5%

      X.

       

      Medical Equipment

       

       

      1.

      39

      All types of polyethylene for use in manufacture of orthopaedic implants falling under sub-heading 9021 10

      As applicable

      Nil

      2.

      39, 72, 81

      Special grade stainless steel, Titanium alloys, Cobalt-chrome alloys, and All types of polyethylene for use in manufacture of other artificial parts of the body falling under sub-heading 9021 31 or 9021 39

      As applicable

      Nil

      3.

      9022 30 00

      X-ray tubes for use in manufacture of X-ray machines for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary use

      15%

      5% (till 31st March 2025)

      7.5% (w.e.f 1st April, 2025 to 31st March, 2026)

      10% (w.e.f 1st April, 2026)

      4.

      9022 90 90

      Flat panel detectors (including scintillators) for use in manufacture of X-ray machines for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary use

      15%

      5% (till 31st March 2025)

      7.5% (w.e.f 1st April, 2025 to 31st March, 2026)

      10% (w.e.f 1st April, 2026)

      XI.

       

      IT and Electronics Sector

       

       

      1.

      8517 13 00, 8517 14 00

      Cellular mobile phone

      20%

      15%

      2.

      8504 40

      Charger/Adapter of cellular mobile phone

      20%

      15%

      3.

      8517 79 10

      Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of cellular mobile phone

      20%

      15%

      4.

      28, 29, 38

      Specified parts for use in manufacture of connectors

      5%/7.5%

      Nil

      5.

      74

      Oxygen Free Copper for use in manufacture of Resistors

      5%

      Nil

      6.

      40

      Specified die-cut parts for use in manufacture of cellular mobile phones

      As applicable

      Nil

      7.

      40, 70, 76

      Specified mechanics for use in manufacture of cellular mobile phones

      As applicable

      Nil

      8.

      8517 79 10

      Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of specified telecom equipment

      10%

      15%

      XII.

       

      Renewable Energy Sector

       

       

      1.

      84, 85, or any other chapter

      Specified capital goods for use in manufacture of solar cells or solar modules, and parts for manufacture of such capital goods

      7.5%

      Nil

      2.

      7007

      Solar glass for manufacture of solar cells or solar modules

      Nil

      10% (w.e.f. 1.10.20 24)

      3.

      74

      Tinned copper interconnect for manufacture of solar cells or solar modules

      Nil

      5%(w.e.f 1.10.20 24)

      XIII.

       

      Shipping

       

       

      1.

      Any Chapter

      Components and consumables for use in manufacture of specified vessels

      As applicable

      Nil

      2.

      Any Chapter

      Technical documentation and spare parts for construction of warships

      As applicable

      Nil

      XIV.

       

      Capital goods

       

       

      1.

      Any Chapter

      Goods under S. No. 404 of Notification No. 50/2017 Customs, used for petroleum exploration operations

      As applicable

      Nil

      B.

      Changes in Export Duty (To be effective from 24.7.2024)

      Effective export duty on raw skins, hides & leather is being simplified and rationalized. The changes are as follows -

      Rate of Duty

      S. No.

      Chapter or Heading

      Commodity

      From

      To

      1.

      4101 to 4103

      Raw Hides & skins, all sorts (other than buffalo)

      40%

      40%

      2.

      4101

      Raw Hides & skins of buffalo

      30%

      30%

      3.

      4104 to 4106

      Tanned or crust hides of skins, whether or not split, but not further prepared

      40

      20%

      4.

      4104 to 4106

      E.I. tanned leather

      Nil

      Nil

      5.

      41

      Finished leather as defined by DGFT finished leather norms

      Nil

      Nil

      6.

      4301

      Raw fur skins

      60%/10%

      40%

      7.

      4302

      Tanned or dressed furskin

      60%

      20%


      Full Text:

      Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax