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    Understanding the Business Loss Carry Forward Provisions in Clause 112 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 ...
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    Carry forward of business losses allows set off against future business income, prioritised before other carried allowances.
    Clause 112 permits carry forward and set off of unabsorbed business losses-defined as losses under "Profits and gains of business or profession" excluding speculation losses-against future business or professional profits, mandates that such losses be set off before any other carried forward allowances, and limits the period during which losses may be carried forward, aligning with the existing temporal framework.
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    Carry forward of house property loss - allows head-specific set off against future house property income, time-limited.
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    Set-off of losses: new limits bar using business and capital losses to reduce salary and other non-capital income.
    Clause 109 permits set-off of losses under any income head except capital gains against income from other heads in the same year, subject to limits: business losses cannot be set off against salary income; house property losses are set off against other heads only up to a capped amount; and capital gains losses cannot be set off against non-capital income. The clause thus confines capital losses within their category and imposes head-specific restrictions requiring careful tax planning and record-keeping.
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    Set-off of losses under the same head: clarifies offset rules for capital and non-capital income, refining capital gains set-off.
    Clause 108 permits set-off of a loss from any source against income from any other source under the same head (excluding capital gains), while treating capital gains losses separately: long-term capital losses may be set off only against other long-term capital gains, and short-term capital losses may be set off against gains from any capital asset, thereby requiring accurate classification of assets and records to effect permissible intra-head offsets.
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    Deemed income from informal credit instruments: non account payee transactions treated as taxable, prompting formalisation of payments.
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    Unexplained expenditure treated as income increases tax exposure when taxpayers fail to satisfactorily explain expenditure sources.
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    Unexplained asset rules now include virtual digital assets, expanding deeming powers where explanations are unsatisfactory.
    Where an asset is unrecorded or its recorded amount is less than actual value and the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation, Clause 104 and Section 69B treat the unexplained excess as deemed income for the year of discovery; Clause 104 expressly adds virtual digital assets, while both provisions vest the Assessing Officer with discretion to accept or reject explanations, creating valuation and verification challenges.
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    Unexplained investments treated as income when taxpayer fails to satisfactorily explain source, shifting burden to taxpayer and empowering assessing officer discretion.
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    Unexplained assets treated as deemed income: inclusion of virtual digital assets broadens taxable asset coverage and disclosure obligations.
    Clause 104 deemsthe value of assets not recorded, or under recorded, in an assessee's books to be taxable income where the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation; it expressly includes virtual digital assets and places onus on the assessee to prove the nature and source, leaving determination of adequacy to the Assessing Officer.
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    Unexplained investments deemed income under deeming provision; imposes explanation burden and increased tax scrutiny on taxpayers.
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    Unexplained credits: dual-party explanation requirement leads to inclusion of unexplained book credits as taxable income.
    Unexplained credits are chargeable to income when sums in an assessee's books lack satisfactory explanation, with the assessing officer determining adequacy. Loans and borrowings require satisfactory explanations from both the assessee and the creditor; share application money, share capital and share premium in closely held companies similarly demand corroboration from the company and the named contributor. Venture capital funds and companies receive a specific exemption, while the provision overall increases recordkeeping and evidentiary burdens and enhances tax authority scrutiny.
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    Income apportionment in AOPs and BOIs: structured deduction and allocation of member remuneration and interest for tax computation.
    Both Clause 309 and Section 67A set out a structured method for computing a member's share in an AOP/BOI: deduct interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration from total AOP/BOI income, apportion the residual among members by entitlement and treat apportioned shares under the same heads of income; where apportioned results are profitable the remuneration is added back, and where loss it is adjusted; interest on capital borrowed by a member for investment is deductible under Profits and gains of business or profession; "paid" means actually paid or incurred per the accounting method used.
    Act RulesBills
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    Total income aggregation requires inclusion of exempt receipts to protect the tax base and prevent erosion through exclusions.
    Clause 101 mandates that computation of Total income include income exempt under the identified sub part of Chapter provisions, converting such exempt receipts into an affirmative component of total income to protect the tax base and prevent erosion from otherwise excluded income streams.
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    Income attribution: clarifies tax liability of the legal owner and joint-and-several responsibility for income included in another's return.
    Clause 100 assigns tax liability to the person in whose name an asset stands or whose firm membership produces attributed income, imposes joint and several liability for jointly held assets allowing recovery from any co-owner for the whole tax due, applies existing procedural recovery mechanisms to enforce the liability, and overrides contrary provisions in other laws to ensure primacy in determining tax obligations arising from income attribution.
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    Clubbing of income: new clause expands inclusion of spouse, minor child and transferred-asset income in assessee's taxable income.
    Clause 99 attributes to the individual income arising to a spouse from employment or remuneration in concerns where the individual has a substantial interest, income from assets transferred to a spouse or a son's wife without adequate consideration, and income of a minor child except earnings from the child's manual work or personal skill; it also prescribes a formula for income attributable when transferred assets are invested and treats conversion of individual property to HUF as income of the individual.
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    Revocable transfer definitions broaden tax reach, treating arrangements that preserve transferor control as attributable income to transferor.
    Clause 98 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 and Section 63 of the Income Tax Act define transfer to include settlements, trusts, covenants, agreements or arrangements, and define revocable transfer to cover provisions enabling direct or indirect re transfer of income or assets or re assumption of power by the transferor. Both provisions attribute income to the transferor where economic substance shows retention of control or benefit, broadening the tax net over arrangements that preserve transferor influence.
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    Chargeability of income in asset transfers: revocable transfers taxed to transferor, with narrow irrevocable-transfer exceptions.
    Clause 97 treats income from a revocable transfer of assets as taxable in the hands of the transferor, while providing exceptions for truly irrevocable transfers where the transferor derives no direct or indirect benefit; if a power to revoke later arises the income becomes chargeable to the transferor, thereby aligning taxation with economic control and preventing tax avoidance through strategic transfers.
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    Transfer of income without asset transfer: such income is taxed in the transferor's hands to prevent tax avoidance.
    Clause 96 and Section 60 provide that income arising by virtue of a transfer, whether revocable or irrevocable and irrespective of timing, is chargeable to tax in the transferor's hands if the asset generating that income has not been transferred, thereby preserving the link between income and its source asset to prevent tax avoidance.
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    Remission of liabilities taxable - forgiven debts and other benefits must be included as income when received under revised charge rules.
    Clause 95 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, treats any benefit obtained from the remission or cessation of a liability for which a deduction was previously allowed as taxable in the year received, applying principles from Section 38(1)(a) to non business income heads. Section 59 of the Income tax Act, 1961, applies Section 41(1) similarly to ensure forgiven liabilities are included in taxable income, but both provisions present valuation and timing ambiguities for non cash benefits and assessment year determinations.
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    Disallowance of deductions: withholding compliance ties deductibility for cross border payments and personal expenses.
    Clause 94 disallows deductions from income from other sources for personal expenses and for interest or salaries payable outside India where tax has not been paid or deducted under the withholding framework; it extends selected business-income deduction rules to other sources, prescribes computation rules for foreign companies, disallows deductions for gambling and lotteries while excepting horse racing maintenance, and links deductibility to compliance with withholding obligations.

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      CUSTOMS - OTHER PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES IN NOTIFICATIONS

      24 July, 2024

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      Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

      A.

      Changes in Basic Customs Duty (to be effective from 24.07.2024)

      Rates of Duty

      S. No.

      Chapter, Heading, sub- heading, tariff item

      Commodity

      From

      To

      I.

       

      Agricultural Products

       

       

      1.

      1207 99 90

      Shea nuts

      30%

      15%

      II.

       

      Aquafarming & Marine Exports

       

       

      1.

      0306 36

      Live SPF Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) broodstock

      10%

      5%

      2.

      0306 36

      Live Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) broodstock

      10%

      5%

      3.

      0306 36 60

      Artemia

      5%

      Nil

      4.

      0511 91 40

      Artemia cysts

      5%

      Nil

      5.

      0308 90 00

      SPF Polychaete worms

      30%

      5%

      6.

      1504 20

       Fish lipid oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      15%

      Nil

      7.

      1504 20

       Crude fish oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      30%

      Nil

      8.

      1518

      Algal Oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      15%

      Nil

      9.

      2102 20 00

      Algal Prime (flour) for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      15%

      Nil

      10.

      2309 90 90

      Mineral and Vitamin Premixes for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      5%

      Nil

      11.

      2301 10 90

      Insect meal for use in Research & Development purposes in aquatic feed manufacturing

      15%

      5%

      12.

      2309 90 90

      Single Cell Protein from Natural Gas for use in Research & Development purposes in aquatic feed manufacturing

      15%

      5%

      13.

      2301 20

      Krill Meal for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

      5%

      Nil

      14.

      1901

      Pre-dust breaded powder for use in processing of sea-food

      30%

      Nil

      15.

      2309 90 31

      Prawn and shrimps feed

      15%

      5%

      16.

      2309 90 39

      Fish feed

      15%

      5%

      III.

       

      Critical Minerals

       

       

      1.

      2504

      Natural Graphite

      5%

      2.5%

      2.

      2505

      Natural sands of all kinds, whether or not coloured, other than metal bearing sands of chapter 26 of The Customs tariff Act, 1975

      5%

      Nil

      3.

      2506

      Quartz (other than natural sands); quartzite, whether or not roughly trimmed or merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks or slabs of a rectangular (including square) shape

      5%

      2.5%

      4.

      2530 90 91

      Strontium sulphate (natural ore)

      5%

      Nil

      5.

      2603 00 00

      Copper ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      6.

      2605 00 00

      Cobalt ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      7.

      2609 00 00

      Tin ores and Concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      8.

      2611 00 00

      Tungsten Ores and Concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      9.

      2613

      Molybdenum ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      10.

      2615 10 00

      Zirconium ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      11.

      2615 90

      Hafnium Ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      12.

      2615 90 10

      Vanadium ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      13.

      2615 90 20

      Niobium or tantalum ores and concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      14.

      2617

      Antimony Ores and Concentrates

      2.5%

      Nil

      15.

      2804 50 20

      Tellurium

      5%

      Nil

      16.

      2804 61 00

      Silicon, containing by weight not less than 99.99% of silicon

      5%

      Nil

      17.

      2804 69 00

      Other silicon

      5%

      Nil

      18.

      2804 90 00

      Selenium

      5%

      Nil

      19.

      2805 30 00

      Alkali or alkaline earth metals, Rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or inter alloyed

      5%

      Nil

      20.

      2811 22 00

      Silicon dioxide

      7.5%

      2.5%

      21.

      2815 20 00

      Potassium hydroxide

      7.5%

      Nil

      22.

      2816 40 00

      Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium

      7.5%

      Nil

      23.

      2822 00 10

      Cobalt oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      24.

      2822 00 20

      Cobalt hydroxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      25.

      2822 00 30

      Commercial cobalt oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      26.

      2825 20 00

      Lithium oxide and hydroxide

      7.5%

      Nil

      27.

      2825 30

      Vanadium oxides and hydroxides

      2.5%/7.5%

      Nil

      28.

      2825 60 10

      Germanium oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      29.

      2825 70

      Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      30.

      2825 80 00

      Antimony oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      31.

      2825 90 20

      Cadmium oxides

      7.5%

      Nil

      32.

      2827 35 00

      Chlorides of Nickel

      7.5%

      Nil

      33.

      2827 39 30

      Strontium chloride

      7.5%

      Nil

      34.

      2833 24 00

      Sulphates of Nickel

      7.5%

      Nil

      35.

      2834 21 00

      Nitrates of potassium

      7.5%

      Nil

      36.

      2836 91 00

      Lithium carbonates

      7.5%

      Nil

      37.

      2836 92 00

      Strontium carbonates

      7.5%

      Nil

      38.

      2841 90 00

      Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids of Beryllium and Rhenium

      7.5%

      Nil

      39.

      2846

      Compounds, inorganic or organic of rare earth metals

      7.5%

      Nil

      40.

      2918 15 30

      Bismuth citrate

      7.5%

      Nil

      41.

      3801

      Artificial Graphite, colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite, preparations based on graphite or other carbon in form of pastes, blocks, plates or other semimanufactures

      7.5%

      2.5%

      42.

      8001

      Unwrought Tin

      5%

      Nil

      43.

      8101 94 00

      Unwrought tungsten, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

      5%

      Nil

      44.

      8102 94 00

      Unwrought molybdenum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

      5%

      Nil

      45.

      8103 20

      Unwrought tantalum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering, powders

      5%

      Nil

      46.

      8105 20 20

      Cobalt, unwrought

      5%

      Nil

      47.

      8106 10 10

      Bismuth, unwrought

      2.5%

      Nil

      48.

      8109 21 00

      Unwrought zirconium, powders, Containing less than 1 part hafnium to 500 parts zirconium by weight

      10%

      Nil

      49.

      8110 10 00

      Unwrought antimony, powders

      2.5%

      Nil

      50.

      8112 12 00

      Beryllium unwrought, powders

      5%

      Nil

      51.

      8112 31

      Hafnium unwrought, waste and scrap, powders

      10%

      Nil

      52.

      8112 41 10

      Rhenium unwrought

      10%

      Nil

      53.

      8112 69 10

      Cadmium unwrought, powders

      5%

      Nil

      54.

      8112 69 20

      Cadmium, wrought

      5%

      Nil

      55.

      8112 92 00

      (ii) Unwrought; waste and scrap; powder of, -

      (i) Gallium

      (ii) Germanium

      (iii) Indium

      (iv) Niobium

      (v) Vanadium

      5%

      Nil

      IV.

       

      Steel Sector

       

       

      1.

      7202 60 00

      Ferro Nickel

      2.5%

      Nil

      2.

      7204

      Ferrous Scrap

      Nil (till 30.09.2024)

      Nil (till 31.03.2 026)

      3.

      7225

      Certain specified raw materials for manufacture of CRGO steel

      Nil (till 30.09.2024)

      Nil (till 31.03.2 026)

      V.

       

      Copper

       

       

      1.

      7402 00 10

      Blister Copper

      5%

      Nil

      VI.

       

      Chemicals and Plastics

       

       

      1.

      3102 30 00

      Ammonium Nitrate, whether or not in aqueous solution

      7.5%

      10%

      2.

      3920 (other than 3920 99 99) or 3921

      All goods other than Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) flex films/flex banner

      25% (with effect from 24.07.2024)

      10%

      3.

      3920 99 99

      All goods other than Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) flex films/flex banner

      25% (with effect from 24.07.2024)

      15%

      VII.

       

      Textile and Leather Sector

       

       

      1.

      2929 10 90

      Methylene Diphenyl Di-isocyanate (MDI) for use in the manufacture of Spandex Yarn

      7.5%

      5% Subject to IGCR conditions

      2.

      41

      Wet white, Crust and finished leather for manufacture of textile or leather garments, leather /synthetic footwear or other leather products, for export

      10%

      Nil Items under Sl. No. 257B and 257C of Notification 50/2017 - Customs, dated 30.06.2017

      3.

      38,48 or any other Chapter

      Certain additional accessories and embellishments for manufacture of textile or leather garments, leather/synthetic footwear or other leather products, for export

      As applicable

      Nil Items under Sl. No. 257B and 257C of Notification 50/2017 - Customs, dated 30.06.2017

      4.

      0505 10

      Real Down Filling Material from Duck or Goose for use in the manufacture of textile or leather garments for export

      30%

      10%

      VIII.

       

      Cancer Drugs

       

       

      1.

      30

      (i) Trastuzumab Deruxtecan,

      (ii) Osimertinib,

      (iii) Durvalumab

      10%

      Nil

      IX.

       

      Precious Metals

       

       

      1.

      7108

      Gold bar

      15%

      6%

      2.

      7108

      Gold dore

      14.35%

      5.35%

      3.

      7106

      Silver bar

      15%

      6%

      4.

      7106

      Silver dore

      14.35%

      5.35%

      5.

      7110

      Platinum, Palladium, Osmium, Ruthenium, Iridium

      15.4%

      6.4%

      6.

      7118

      Coins of precious metals

      15%

      6%

      7.

      7113

      Gold/Silver findings

      15%

      6%

      8.

      71

      Platinum and Palladium used in the manufacture of noble metal solutions, noble metal compounds and catalytic convertors

      7.5%

      5%

      9.

      84

      Bushings made of platinum and rhodium alloy when imported in exchange of worn out or damaged bushings exported out of India

      7.5%

      5%

      X.

       

      Medical Equipment

       

       

      1.

      39

      All types of polyethylene for use in manufacture of orthopaedic implants falling under sub-heading 9021 10

      As applicable

      Nil

      2.

      39, 72, 81

      Special grade stainless steel, Titanium alloys, Cobalt-chrome alloys, and All types of polyethylene for use in manufacture of other artificial parts of the body falling under sub-heading 9021 31 or 9021 39

      As applicable

      Nil

      3.

      9022 30 00

      X-ray tubes for use in manufacture of X-ray machines for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary use

      15%

      5% (till 31st March 2025)

      7.5% (w.e.f 1st April, 2025 to 31st March, 2026)

      10% (w.e.f 1st April, 2026)

      4.

      9022 90 90

      Flat panel detectors (including scintillators) for use in manufacture of X-ray machines for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary use

      15%

      5% (till 31st March 2025)

      7.5% (w.e.f 1st April, 2025 to 31st March, 2026)

      10% (w.e.f 1st April, 2026)

      XI.

       

      IT and Electronics Sector

       

       

      1.

      8517 13 00, 8517 14 00

      Cellular mobile phone

      20%

      15%

      2.

      8504 40

      Charger/Adapter of cellular mobile phone

      20%

      15%

      3.

      8517 79 10

      Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of cellular mobile phone

      20%

      15%

      4.

      28, 29, 38

      Specified parts for use in manufacture of connectors

      5%/7.5%

      Nil

      5.

      74

      Oxygen Free Copper for use in manufacture of Resistors

      5%

      Nil

      6.

      40

      Specified die-cut parts for use in manufacture of cellular mobile phones

      As applicable

      Nil

      7.

      40, 70, 76

      Specified mechanics for use in manufacture of cellular mobile phones

      As applicable

      Nil

      8.

      8517 79 10

      Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of specified telecom equipment

      10%

      15%

      XII.

       

      Renewable Energy Sector

       

       

      1.

      84, 85, or any other chapter

      Specified capital goods for use in manufacture of solar cells or solar modules, and parts for manufacture of such capital goods

      7.5%

      Nil

      2.

      7007

      Solar glass for manufacture of solar cells or solar modules

      Nil

      10% (w.e.f. 1.10.20 24)

      3.

      74

      Tinned copper interconnect for manufacture of solar cells or solar modules

      Nil

      5%(w.e.f 1.10.20 24)

      XIII.

       

      Shipping

       

       

      1.

      Any Chapter

      Components and consumables for use in manufacture of specified vessels

      As applicable

      Nil

      2.

      Any Chapter

      Technical documentation and spare parts for construction of warships

      As applicable

      Nil

      XIV.

       

      Capital goods

       

       

      1.

      Any Chapter

      Goods under S. No. 404 of Notification No. 50/2017 Customs, used for petroleum exploration operations

      As applicable

      Nil

      B.

      Changes in Export Duty (To be effective from 24.7.2024)

      Effective export duty on raw skins, hides & leather is being simplified and rationalized. The changes are as follows -

      Rate of Duty

      S. No.

      Chapter or Heading

      Commodity

      From

      To

      1.

      4101 to 4103

      Raw Hides & skins, all sorts (other than buffalo)

      40%

      40%

      2.

      4101

      Raw Hides & skins of buffalo

      30%

      30%

      3.

      4104 to 4106

      Tanned or crust hides of skins, whether or not split, but not further prepared

      40

      20%

      4.

      4104 to 4106

      E.I. tanned leather

      Nil

      Nil

      5.

      41

      Finished leather as defined by DGFT finished leather norms

      Nil

      Nil

      6.

      4301

      Raw fur skins

      60%/10%

      40%

      7.

      4302

      Tanned or dressed furskin

      60%

      20%


      Full Text:

      Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax