Deduction under 80C: eligible life insurance premiums allowed up to policy ceilings; excess disallowed; one policy's maturity taxable.
Deduction under Section 80C allows life insurance premiums up to policy wise ceilings based on a percentage of the sum assured. Policy A (sum assured 200,000) with a ceiling of 20% permits the full 25,000 premium as deductible; Policy B (sum assured 100,000) with a ceiling of 10% permits only 10,000 of the 12,000 premium as deductible. The total deduction equals the aggregate of eligible premiums, and Policy B's maturity proceeds are not exempt from tax.

Deduction under 80C: spouses can separately claim education-related deductions based on their individual contributions and limits.
Spouses who each make genuine payments toward a child's education may separately claim a deduction under deduction u/s 80C based on their respective contributions, with each spouse's claim limited by the statutory individual ceiling; the wife may claim her actual payment and the husband may claim up to the maximum permissible individual deduction.

Deduction under section 80C for adopted child's school fees permitted where the statute is silent on biological status.
Because 80C does not specify that the child must be biological, deductions for school fees paid for an adopted child are treated as permissible under the provision; the operative legal point is the statute's silence regarding the child's biological status.

Tuition fee deduction under 80C covers institutional tuition but excludes transport, hostel, library and private tuition charges.
Deduction under Section 80C allows tuition fee claims only for amounts paid to recognised educational institutions, including pre nursery, play school and nursery class fees; excluded are transport, hostel, mess, library and vehicle stand charges, late fees, part time and distance learning course fees, and private tuition.

Residence test for individuals sets presence and prior year stay thresholds determining resident status for income tax assessment.
Rule of residence for individuals for the assessment year 2015-16 uses presence-based thresholds and cumulative prior year conditions to determine resident in India status. Individuals are classified by category-those leaving for employment, visitors who are citizens or persons of Indian origin, and all other individuals-with each category subject to the single year presence test and, where applicable, an additional short term presence requirement plus multi year aggregation criteria assessing residence across preceding years.

Relief under Section 89(1): compare tax on receipt and accrual bases to determine relief for salary arrears and adjust current tax payable.
Relief for salary received in arrears or advance is determined by computing tax on the aggregate income on the receipt basis and comparing it with tax computed as if the income had been charged to the earlier year(s); the relief equals the difference. The example aggregates salary and arrears, applies standard and specified deductions, computes net income and tax for the years on receipt and accrual bases, and derives the relief amount which is then deducted from current year tax payable.

Perquisite valuation: employer sale of movable assets to employees taxed as written down value less sale consideration.
Taxable perquisite on employer sale of movable assets to employees is the difference between the employer's written down value (after applying depreciation to cost to reach the balance on the relevant date) and the sale consideration; the document demonstrates this by computing successive depreciated written down values for a car, computer and fridge and subtracting the sale prices to determine the perquisite amounts.

Use of movable assets perquisite taxed at prescribed annual percentage with pro rata computation for period of employer-provided use.
Use of moveable assets provided by an employer is a taxable perquisite valued by applying a prescribed annual percentage of the asset's cost, with a pro rata adjustment for the actual days of employee use within the year (annual percentage of cost x days of use/365).

Perquisite valuation for motor car under Rule 3(2): employer reimbursements reduced by official-use deduction, affecting taxable perquisite.
Valuation of a motor car perquisite requires deducting the official-use portion from employer reimbursements before treating the balance as a taxable perquisite; absent a log book a fixed deduction method is applied, while contemporaneous usage evidence permits apportionment of the reimbursement by the documented official-use percentage.

Perquisite valuation of employer provided motor car treats engine capacity, driver cost, recoveries and private use depreciation.
Perquisite valuation for employer provided motor cars uses a fixed monthly valuation for car and driver where engine capacity falls below the higher threshold; recoveries from the employee do not reduce that fixed valuation. If the vehicle is used exclusively for private purposes, the taxable perquisite is calculated as annual depreciation plus petrol, driver and maintenance costs, minus any amount recovered from the employee.

Rent-free accommodation valuation: taxable value is the lower of a percentage of salary or employer-paid rent for perquisite computation.
Taxable value of a rent-free accommodation perquisite is the lower of (a) 15% of salary (computed as basic salary plus DA plus commission) and (b) employer paid annual rent. In the example the aggregated annual basic, DA and commission are used to calculate the 15% benchmark, which is then compared with the annual lease rent to determine the taxable perquisite.

Taxable value of rent-free accommodation set at a percentage of salary when city population exceeds threshold.
Taxable perquisite for rent free accommodation is computed by applying the population based percentage to Salary, defined to include Basic, DA (forming part of salary) and Commission; the taxable value equals the prescribed percentage of that aggregated salary.

House Rent Allowance exemption under section 10(13A) requires choosing the minimum of three salary-based tests to determine taxable HRA.
The exemption under section 10(13A) and Rule 2A is the minimum of actual HRA received, rent paid in excess of ten percent of salary, and the prescribed percentage of salary. In the example actual HRA is 36,000; excess rent over ten percent of salary is 26,400; forty percent of salary is 38,400. The exempt amount is therefore 26,400 and the remaining 9,600 is included in gross salary.

Voluntary retirement compensation tax treatment: exemption limited by statutory ceiling formulas; excess is treated as taxable salary.
Computation of taxability of voluntary retirement compensation is governed by a statutory exemption limited by prescribed ceiling formulas and the principle that the exempt amount is the lesser of specified sums. In the example, compensation received of 700,000 gives an exempt amount of 500,000 under the statutory ceiling, leaving 200,000 as taxable salary under the governing exemption provision and associated rules.

Retrenchment compensation exemption under Sec. 10(10B): apply least-of-three test for calculating taxable retrenchment; excess taxable.
Computation of retrenchment compensation exemption under Sec. 10(10B): compute the three comparator sums using the employee's service length and salary components, take the least of those sums as exempt. In the example the exempt amount is Rs. 4,32,692 and the remaining Rs. 5,67,308 of the retrenchment payment is taxable.

Leave salary exemption under section 10(10AA) limited by average salary and statutory caps, yielding the lowest applicable ceiling.
Computation of leave salary exemption under section 10(10AA) requires determining average salary by annualising ten months' basic pay plus the proportion of dearness allowance included for retirement benefits and dividing by ten. Unavailed leave months equal total entitlement minus leaves taken and leaves earlier encashed. The exempt leave salary is the least of (unavailed months x average salary), (ten months' average salary), and the statutory ceilings; the example selects the lowest applicable ceiling as exempt.

Commuted pension tax treatment: part exempt, part taxable; exemption reduced where gratuity is received.
Uncommuted pension is fully taxable as salary; commuted pension is partly exempt and partly taxable. Compute a notional full pension value from the commuted payment and apply an exemption fraction: if no gratuity is received, one half of the notional full pension value is exempt; if gratuity is received, one third is exempt. The remainder of the commuted payment is chargeable to tax as salary and must be added to taxable uncommuted pension to determine total taxable pension income.

Gratuity exemption: least of three test determines exempt portion for noncovered employers; excess gratuity is taxable.
Gratuity from a noncovered employer is exempt to the extent of the least of three amounts: the service based fraction computed from the average monthly salary (which includes basic pay, one month's dearness allowance, and average monthly commission), the statutory monetary ceiling, and the gratuity actually received; any excess over that exempt amount is taxable.

Gratuity exemption: part determined by 15 days salary times completed years, excess treated as taxable salary.
Gratuity exemption is determined by taking the least of: the product of 15 days' salary and completed years of service, the statutory ceiling, and the gratuity received. Completed years may be rounded to include qualifying months. The exempt portion is that least amount; any excess over the exempt amount is taxable as salary income in the assessment year.

Gratuity exemption under Section 10(10)(i) remains available even if retiree accepts private sector employment after retirement.
Gratuity paid to a government employee on retirement is fully exempt from income tax under the governing gratuity exemption provision, and that exemption remains available even if the retiree subsequently accepts employment in the private sector.