Recovery of tax from non residents: source withholding and attachment of any assets within India enable enforcement.
Clause 422 and Section 173 authorise two primary enforcement mechanisms against non residents: recovery by deduction at source imposed on payers, agents or representative assessees, and recovery by attachment of any assets of the non resident that are, or may at any time come, within India. These powers apply whether tax is assessed in the non resident's name or in the name of a representative assessee and operate without prejudice to other assessment and recovery provisions, creating a continuing domestic enforcement right subject to definitional, procedural and treaty interaction issues.