Capital gains set-off rules restrict long-term losses to long-term gains while short-term losses offset any capital gains.
Section 108 separates general intra-head set-off (excluding capital gains) from specific capital gains rules: long-term capital losses are only set off against other long-term capital gains in the same year, while short-term capital losses may be set off against gains from any capital asset, with classification and computation governed by the capital gains framework.