Transfer-pricing methodology protects commercially genuine associated-enterprise payments, while pre-2016 secondary adjustments and related notional interest fail.

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....Commercially genuine exclusivity payments, transition-fee reimbursements and upfront discounts made to associated enterprises cannot be disregarded merely because their commercial structure is unusual or their expediency is questioned. Arm's length pricing cannot be fixed at nil without applying a prescribed transfer-pricing method; where the underlying primary adjustment fails, consequential notional interest also fails. Secondary-adjustment provisions do not apply to primary adjustments preceding 1 April 2016. Interest on a foreign-currency associated-enterprise loan is benchmarked at LIBOR plus 80 basis points. For exempt-income disallowance, only income-yielding investments are relevant and sufficient own interest-free funds preclude in.........