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TaxTMI 
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TaxTMI 
Construction Contracts
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....ration and Presentation of Financial Statements to determine when contract revenue and contract costs should be recognised as revenue and expenses in the statement of profit and loss. It also provides practical guidance on the application of these criteria. Scope 1. This Standard should be applied in accounting for construction contracts in the financial statements of contractors. Definitions 2. The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: 2.1 A construction contract is a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset or a combination of assets that are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use. 2.2 A fixed price contract is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost escalation clauses. 2.3 A cost plus contract is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus percentage of these costs or a fixed fee. 3. A construction contract may be negotiated for the const....
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....racts is negotiated as a single package; (b) the contracts are so closely interrelated that they are, in effect, part of a single project with an overall profit margin; and (c) the contracts are performed concurrently or in a continuous sequence. 9. A contract may provide for the construction of an additional asset at the option of the customer or may be amended to include the construction of an additional asset. The construction of the additional asset should be treated as a separate construction contract when: (a) the asset differs significantly in design, technology or function from the asset or assets covered by the original contract; or (b) the price of the asset is negotiated without regard to the original contract price. Contract Revenue 10. Contract revenue should comprise: (a) the initial amount of revenue agreed in the contract; and (b) variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments: (i) to the extent that it is probable that they will result in revenue; and (ii) they are capable of being reliably measured. 11. Contract revenue is measured at the consideration received or recei....
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.... example, a contract may allow for an incentive payment to the contractor for early completion of the contract. Incentive payments are included in contract revenue when: (a) the contract is sufficiently advanced that it is probable that the specified performance standards will be met or exceeded; and (b) the amount of the incentive payment can be measured reliably. Contract Costs 15. Contract costs should comprise: (a) costs that relate directly to the specific contract; (b) costs that are attributable to contract activity in general and can be allocated to the contract; and (c) such other costs as are specifically chargeable to the customer under the terms of the contract. 16. Costs that relate directly to a specific contract include: (a) site labour costs, including site supervision; (b) costs of materials used in construction; (c) depreciation of plant and equipment used on the contract; (d) costs of moving plant, equipment and materials to and from the contract site; (e) costs of hiring plant and equipment; (f) costs of design and technical assistance that is directly rel....
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....tract are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred, they are not included in contract costs when the contract is obtained in a subsequent period. Recognition of Contract Revenue and Expenses 21. When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably, contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract should be recognised as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the reporting date. An expected loss on the construction contract should be recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with paragraph 35. 22. In the case of a fixed price contract, the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably when all the following conditions are satisfied: (a) total contract revenue can be measured reliably; (b) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the enterprise; (c) both the contract costs to complete the contract and the stage of contract completion at the reporting date can be measured reliably; and (d) the contract costs attributable to the contract can be....
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....rights regarding the asset to be constructed; (b) the consideration to be exchanged; and (c) the manner and terms of settlement. It is also usually necessary for the enterprise to have an effective internal financial budgeting and reporting system. The enterprise reviews and, when necessary, revises the estimates of contract revenue and contract costs as the contract progresses. The need for such revisions does not necessarily indicate that the outcome of the contract cannot be estimated reliably. 29. The stage of completion of a contract may be determined in a variety of ways. The enterprise uses the method that measures reliably the work performed. Depending on the nature of the contract, the methods may include: (a) the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed upto the reporting date bear to the estimated total contract costs; or (b) surveys of work performed; or (c) completion of a physical proportion of the contract work. Progress payments and advances received from customers may not necessarily reflect the work performed. 30. When the stage of completion is determined by reference to the contract costs....
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....; (d) where the customer is unable to meet its obligations; or (e) where the contractor is unable to complete the contract or otherwise meet its obligations under the contract. 34. When the uncertainties that prevented the outcome of the contract being estimated reliably no longer exist, revenue and expenses associated with the construction contract should be recognised in accordance with paragraph 21 rather than in accordance with paragraph 31. Recognition of Expected Losses 35. When it is probable that total contract costs will exceed total contract revenue, the expected loss should be recognised as an expense immediately. 36. The amount of such a loss is determined irrespective of: (a) whether or not work has commenced on the contract; (b) the stage of completion of contract activity; or (c) the amount of profits expected to arise on other contracts which are not treated as a single construction contract in accordance with paragraph 8. Changes in Estimates 37. The percentage of completion method is applied on a cumulative basis in each accounting period to the current estimates of contract revenue and contract costs.....
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....ts incurred plus recognised profits (less recognized losses). 44. An enterprise discloses any contingencies in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 4, Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date^[2]. Contingencies may arise from such items as warranty costs, penalties or possible losses. Illustration This illustration does not form part of the Accounting Standard. Its purpose is to illustrate the application of the Accounting Standard to assist in clarifying its meaning. Disclosure of Accounting Policies The following are illustrations of accounting policy disclosures: Revenue from fixed price construction contracts is recognised on the percentage of completion method, measured by reference to the percentage of labour hours incurred upto the reporting date to estimated total labour hours for each contract. Revenue from cost plus contracts is recognised by reference to the recoverable costs incurred during the period plus the fee earned, measured by the proportion that costs incurred upto the reporting date bear to the estimated total costs of the contract. The Determination of Contract Revenue and Expenses The following illustratio....
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.... 2,093 3,975 Profit 740 247 493 Year 3 Revenue (9,200 x 1.00) 9,200 6,808 2,392 Expenses 8,200 6,068 2,132 Profit 1,000 740 260 Contract Disclosures A contractor has reached the end of its first year of operations. All its contract costs incurred have been paid for in cash and all its progress billings and advances have been received in cash. Contract costs incurred for contracts B, C and E include the cost of materials that have been purchased for the contract but which have not been used in contract performance upto the reporting date. For contracts B, C and E, the customers have made advances to the contractor for work not yet performed. The status of its five contracts in progress at the end of year 1 is as follows: Contract (amount in Rs. lakhs) A B C D E Total Contract Revenue recognised in 145 520 380 200 55 1,300 accordance with paragraph 21 Contract Expenses recognised in accordance with paragraph 21 110 450 3....