TaxTMI 
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1961 (9) TMI 97
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.... be taxable profits within the meaning of section 2(6C) read with rule 6 of the Schedule of the Indian Income-tax Act"? There were five applications which have been consolidated into one statement of case covering the different assessment years. The Tribunal disposed of these applications by the consolidated order of the Tribunal dated 4th September, 1956. The essential facts may be briefly stated at the outset: The assessee is a mutual concern carrying on miscellaneous insurance business. It has no share capital and no shareholder. To quote some of the major clauses like 3(1) and (iv) of the memorandum of association the objects of the society, inter alia, are: (1)To provide, or help towards providing, anywhere in the world for the expense of accommodation and treatment in hospitals and nursing homes and of private nursing for members and their dependants "by means of insurance on the mutual principle". (2)"To organise insurance on the mutual principle" under regulations to be framed for the purpose with the object of providing such hospital, medical, surgical, nursing and allied services and of relieving members and their dependants in whole or in....
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....nefits. It was also based on the principle that no one could make a profit by dealing with himself. It was, therefore, contended by the assessee that technically such a fund, in the mutual insurance jurisprudence, was surplus and not taxable profit. The Tribunal proceeded on the basis that it was a mutual insurance concern and that the company was only open to policy holder members and not outsiders. Mr. Mitter, learned standing counsel, tried to urge and contend that the assessee was an ordinary trading concern and as such was earning profits. But that ground obviously is not open to him on the facts and on the case as made out throughout before the proceedings before the income-tax authorities ending with the Tribunals The statement of case proceeds on this basis that it was a mutual insurance company; the question raised proceeds on the facts pleaded in paragraph 2 of such enclosure, namely: "Since it was a mutual association doing miscellaneous insurance in a mutual business, it had no profits in the eye of the income-tax law and, therefore, was exempt from taxation in respect of any surplus arising from any such activity". To that the taxing authority had occasio....
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....his decision the Tribunal says that in a general insurance company of the nature of fire insurance, etc., the company reserves generally fifty per cent, of the premium to cover the unexpired risks. It proceeds to explain this by saying that this is done because the company is liable to certain risks for the unexpired premium and, unless such a reserve was made, the profits could not be taken to be a correct one according to the commercial usage of such general insurance companies. Then the Tribunal notices the executive instructions issued by the Central Board of Revenue to the Income-tax Officers to allow such reserve for computation of the profits but holds that there is no legal sanction behind such executive instructions. The Tribunal proceeds further to say that in the present case the risk covered is generally for a month and on the expiry of the calendar year there was "little liability" for unexpired risks. In fact, the Tribunal argues that the company thought it prudent to reserve a portion to meet the contingencies, etc., and the reserves are provided out of the balance of profit. The Tribunal then says that this provision for the reserve is an expense to be ded....
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....g society". The ninth rule provides that all these rules from 1 to 8 apply to the assessment of the profits of any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance association or by a cooperative society. The rules appear, therefore, to be based on four broad classifications of insurance society, namely, (1) the life insurance society, (2) insurance other than life insurance, (3) dividing society and (4) insurance carried on by mutual insurance society. In this reference we are concerned with mutual insurance society. The nature and character of a mutual insurance society must be carefully borne in mind with a view to come to a proper decision. The essential characteristics of a mutual insurance company are (1) that it has no share capital, and (2) of which by its constitution only all policy-holders are members. That is expressly provided in section 95(1)(a) of the Insurance Act. These two tests, of having no share capital and only policyholders being members, are satisfied by the present assessee. Therefore, it is a mutual insurance company within the meaning of section 95(1)(a) of the Insurance Act. One other statutory provision requires to be noticed on the nature ....
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....guage used in section 2(6C) it is difficult to accept Sir Jamshedji's contention that the legislature while intending to bring the surplus within the ambit of the taxing law has failed to express its intention in sufficiently clear language which would compel us to hold that the surplus to which the participating members are entitled is not subject to tax". In that view of the matter Chagla C.J. distinguished the leading authority of the House of Lords decision in Inland Revenue Commissioners v. Ayrshire Employers Mutual Insurance Association Ltd. [1948] 16 ITR (Suppl.) 80, by observing that Lord Macmillan's observation against the English legislature that it had plainly missed fire and therefore failed to include such surplus within the taxable profits was inapplicable and that the Indian legislature was a better marksman and had hit the bull's eye. The Bombay decision also was of the view that the amounts paid to or reserved for or expended on behalf of the policyholders of a mutual life insurance company within the meaning of rule 3(a) of the Schedule to the Income-tax Act did not include the expenses incurred by the company for payment of income-tax or provisi....
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....rplus arising from transactions of the company or society with its members' would be taxable as 'profits or gains' in all cases where they would have been taxable as such 'if those transactions were transactions with non-members'. This lead was followed by the Indian legislature in the legislation of 1939. The new definition of 'income' (section 2(6C)) was made to include 'the profits of any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance association computed in accordance with rule 9 in the Schedule' and rule 9 provided that the preceding rules (1 to 8) apply to the assessment of the profits of any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance association. This rule reproduces in effect the concluding words of section 31(1) of the English Finance Act, 1933". The operation of the above provision in the English Finance Act has practically been nullified, so far as mutual insurance companies are concerned, by the decision of the House of Lords in Inland Revenue Commissioners v. Ayrshire Employers Mutual Insurance Association [1948] 16 ITR (Suppl.) 80. Relying on the exposition given in Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd. v. Hills ....
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....definition is based on the assumption that the surplus can be regarded as profits in such a case and it is this assumption that has been declared by the House of Lords to be wrong. This criticism may not probably apply to the taxation of the investment income of the company as interest and not as profits". But for these weighty observations coming from so eminent a judge and jurist as Sir Varadachariar we might have been content to follow the view that the Bombay decision took. But these observations and expression of opinion on the construction against the wealth of legal decisions, coupled with the legislative history in the last ten years, make us hesitate to adopt the Bombay decision specially in the case of mutual non-life insurance and compel us to examine more closely the arguments of Mr. Iyengar for the assessee. Clearly Sir Varadachariar was expressing a view different from that expressed by Chagla C.J. On section 2(6C) of the Income-tax Act. Mr. Mitter for the Income-tax Commissioner realised the difficulty in the light of these observations. He, however, tried to nullify the rigour of those observations by himself relying on paragraph 101 at page 44 of the same In....
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....nd section 31(1) of the Finance Act, 1933, or section 117, etc., of the Australian Act". The result is that we will have to examine, what Mr. Iyengar says, the legislative history also, apart from the history of the decisions which Sir Varadachariar has noticed as above. On an examination of the legislative history it appears that after the report of the Income-tax Investigation Commission suggesting express mention of "surplus" in the case of mutual insurance, if that was intended to be taxed, a comprehensive Bill in 1951 was brought which, inter alia, attempted to re-define "income" to include "the surplus, if any, in any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance association computed in accordance with rule 9 of the Schedule". It has been urged that this attempt in the Bill to bring in surplus for taxation shows that the "surplus" of the mutual insurance association was not within the tax. The Bill of 1951, however, lapsed and did not become an Act. The result was that the Act remained with the word "profit" and without the word "surplus" so far as the mutual insurance associations were concerned. An ....
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....ir dividends in the shape either of a cash reduction from future premium or of a reversionary addition to the amount of their policies. It is significant there that the surplus consisted partly of the excess of the premiums paid by the participating policyholders and partly of profits arising from non-participating policies, the sale of life and wage and other business conducted by the society with non-members. No such complication arises in the present reference before us, as there is no business with non-members at all. The majority members of the House of Lords consisting of Lords Watson, Bramwell, Herschell and Macnaghten, held that so much of the surplus that arose from the excess contributions of the participating policyholders was not profit assessable to income-tax. Lord Halsbury L.C. and Lord Fitzgerald dissented and were in the minority. Lord Watson at page 470 of the report in New York Life Insurance Co.'s case (supra) noticed: "........the excess, if any, of premiums received from these members over expenditure for which they are responsible is, after carrying part to a reserved fund, returned or repaid to them, either in the shape of bonus additions to thei....
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....arity in these terms: "Persons who agree to contribute to a common fund for mutual insurance certainly would not, in ordinary parlance, be regarded as carrying on a trade or vocation for the purpose of earning profit. Let us see how the so-called profit arises. It is due to the premiums which the members are required to pay being in excess of what is necessary to provide for the requisite payments to be made upon the deaths of members, and not being, as the case states they were intended to be, commensurate therewith. This may result either from the contributions having, owing to an erroneous estimate or over-caution, been originally fixed at a higher rate than was necessary, or from the death-rate being lower than was anticipated. Can it be properly said that, under these circumstances, the association of mutual insurers has earned a profit? The members contribute for a common object to a fund which is their common property; it turns out that they have contributed more than is needed, and therefore more than ought to have been contributed by them for this object, and accordingly their next contribution is reduced by an amount equal to their proportion of this excess. I am a....
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....ct of claims by their workmen for injuries arising out of accidents or alleged accidents, its members being only contributors and only participators. The question there also arose whether surplus arising out of the transactions would be assessable to income-tax. The decision turned on section 31 of the Finance Act, 1933, in England. The ratio of this decision is that section 31 which sought to render the surplus of such mutual insurance companies assessable failed because it was based on the wrong assumption that surplus from dealings with non-members would be assessable and sought to put the two kinds of surplus on the same footing and that it was not membership or non-membership which determined the immunity from or liability to tax but the nature of the transaction. It was definitely held by the House of Lords in that decision that, if the transactions were of the nature of mutual insurance, the resultant surplus was not taxable whether the transactions were with members or with non-members. Again, the present reference before us is not complicated with any question of transaction with non-members. At page 347 of the report, Lord Macmillan observed: "The structure of sect....
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....s a separate entity and, therefore, profit is taxable within the meaning of Lord Dunedin's dictum. He attempts to show that these objects and articles of association of the present assessee indicate that these profits do not go back to the insured, that is, the members themselves. There are two significant answers to this argument of Mr. Mitter and I think that the observations of Lord Dunedin far from helping the taxing authorities are against their contention. The first answer is that there is no dividing rigid line between a mutual insurance company and its members such as Mr. Mitter thought. That part of the argument is already answered by Lord Watson's observations quoted above in Styles' case (supra) and is especially so in India where such a mutual insurance company can have no share capital and can have no member other than the policyholders. Therefore, there is no distinction between the insurer and the insured in this case because the company and its members are really one and the same from the point of view of taxing purposes. The second answer is that Mr. Mitter's assumption that the profits do not go back to the insured, that is, the members in this ca....
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.... of the subscriptions (with the exception of the necessary expenses of administration) to be returned in the form of benefits to those members who have the misfortune to incur the expenses of illness or operations". Rule 3 also expressly provides, inter alia, that the committee of management has power to vary from time to time the rates of subscriptions, privileges and benefits set out in these rules. A copy of the rules and regulations of the association effective from 1st July, 1950, which has not been brought on the paper-book is directed to be kept on the records of this reference. The rules and regulations, therefore, make it abundantly and expressly clear that the whole of the subscriptions has to be returned in the form of benefits to the members. It is essential to emphasise here that, on the decision, the settled law is that this return may be either in cash or in kind and it does not matter whether it is not in cash but in kind so long as the benefit is returned in some shape or other. The attempted distinction, therefore, by which Mr. Mitter tried to distinguish the Styles' case (supra) from the present reference cannot succeed. The next House of Lords deci....
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....whole of the Association's receipts must go back to the policyholders as a class, though not precisely in the proportions in which they have contributed to them; and the association does not in any true sense make a profit out of their contributions". In view of that observation, with which we respectfully agree as laying down the correct law, Mr. Mitter's attempt to show from the objects in the articles of association that the assessee is making a trading profit in this case cannot stand. Clause 5 of the objects, in fact, penalises any payment or receipt of any dividend, bonus or profit by a member in contravention of clause 4. Clause 7 of the objects of the memorandum shows that even on winding up or dissolution, any property which remains unpaid or undistributed among the members of the association, such residue "shall be given or transferred to some other organisation or institution or organisations or institutions having objects similar to the objects of the association to be determined by the members of the association at or before the time of dissolution or in default thereof by the High Court of Judicature in Calcutta". Clause 7, far from making poss....
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....e not the trading profits but are entirely the excess of the subscriptions paid by the members and not utilised or eaten up by expenses. It is on this particular point that the observations quoted above of the House of Lords provide a complete answer. Mr. Mitter tried to rely on Lord Herschell's observation in Russell v. Aberdeen Town & County Bank [1888] 2 Tax Cas. 321 that: "The profit of a trade or business is the surplus by which the receipts from the trade or business exceed the expenditure necessary for the purpose of earning those receipts". That observation is irrelevant for the purpose of this reference, because that was made in the case of a bank and a trading at that and it was not a case either of a mutual insurance company confined only to. policyholder members and no outsiders. In fact, such profit-making is illegal by statute under section 27 of the Companies Act as indicated above. The technical objection to Mr. Mitter's argument that this is not a mutual insurance society at all but an ordinary profit-making trading company has already been given by saying that this is not a fact which is permissible for Mr. Mitter to reopen. It was not put in ....
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....ersons who agree to contribute to a common fund for mutual insurance certainly would not, in ordinary parlance, be regarded, as carrying on a trade or vocation for the purpose of earning profit". The same view was also expressed by Chagla C.J. in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Sir Homi Mehta's Executors [1955] 28 ITR 928 , where it was said: "It is well established both in English courts and in our own courts that there can be no profit subject to tax when there is a sale by a vendor to himself. A vendor cannot make profit out of himself, and therefore the transaction relied upon by the department is not a transaction which was capable of resulting in any profits". Chagla C.J. called in support of that view the decision of the Privy Council in Doughty v. Commissioner of Taxes [1927] AC 327 and expressed himself at page 940 in Sir Homi Mehta's Executors' s case (supra) by saying: "Although the vendor was a different entity from the vendee, the first being a partnership and the second being a limited company, even so, the Privy Council looked upon the transaction as a mere readjustment of the business position of the partners. At page 332 the Priv....
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....can be treated otherwise than as profits and gains under Schedule D". Therefore, on the facts, that decision does not help the taxing authorities in this case. Indeed the observation of Lord Macmillan at page 448 in that case brings out the point, viz.: "The cardinal requirement is that all the contributors to the common fund must be entitled to participate in the surplus and that all the participators in the surplus must be contributors to the common fund; in other words, there must be complete identity between the contributors and the participators. If this requirement is satisfied, the particular form which the association takes is immaterial". Now this cardinal requirement is fully and completely satisfied in the present reference before us and, therefore, the so-called profits of the assessee as a mutual insurance company can only be regarded as surplus, not taxable. Again, the case of Liverpool Corn Trade Association Limited v. Monks [1926] 10 Tax Cas. 442 , relied on by Mr. Mitter has no application to this reference. It was held there that the profit arising, from the association's transactions with members was assessable to income-tax as part of the....
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.... sells the tea grown and manufactured by it at a price which exceeds the cost of producing it and rendering it fit for sale, it has earned profits which are, subject to the provisions of the taxing Act, taxable profits". Obviously, that observation clearly indicates that ordinary trading, growing and manufacturing something and selling the product at a higher price constitute business with profit-making. Nothing comparable to that can be said to exist here in a mutual insurance society in the present reference. No question of any profit and of any sale of any product in excess of the cost of production only to members or non-members arises in this case. Subsequently, Lord Normand makes it clear at page 279 that the principles of mutual insurance really rested on certain basic assumptions and according to his Lordship, after noticing the decided authorities, they were: "From these quotations it appears that the exemption was based on (1) the identity of the contributors to the fund and the recipients from the fund, (2) the treatment of the company, though incorporated, as a mere entity for the convenience of the members and policyholders, in other words as an instrument....
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....) read with section 10(7) of the Income-tax Act. We have now to proceed to examine whether this answer requires to be modified by consideration of the specific rules and the Schedule which apply to this reference. Section 2(6C) of the Income-tax Act, according to our construction, means by the use of the word "profits" only trading profits and not the technical "surplus" of a mutual insurance association. It is true that the expression "profits and gains of any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance association" must include "any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance association", but the word "profits" retains its connotation as trading profits which the surplus is not as being the member's own money in a mutual insurance association which is repaid or refunded to him either in cash or in kind. This view does not mean that a mutual insurance association cannot indulge in some kind of business of insurance which produces trading profits. It can, for instance, when it invests its so-called surplus and earns profit or interest thereupon, then such profit or interest will be profits of business of....
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....any business of insurance other than life insurance. Following the principle of generalia specialibus non derogant, it will appear that the case of a mutual life insurance association must be governed by rule 6 and not by rules 1 to 5. Therefore, the Bombay decision in Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax [1951] 20 ITR 189, on mutual life insurance society can be justified on the particular provisions of rules 2 and 3, which that decision considered, and which are not applicable to a non-life mutual insurance association to which only rule 6 applies. The Bombay decision can be justified by reason of the fact that the word "surplus" is used in rule 2(b) and, therefore, it can be reasonably said that even "surplus" was brought within the meaning of profit in the particular case of a mutual life insurance society, with which the Bombay decision was dealing. That argument is not avail able in rule 6 which significantly omits to use the word "surplus". We shall now make a closer and more detailed analysis of rule 6 and its provisions. The rule prominently declares that the profit shall be taken to be a particular balance.....
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....laim by the assessee in this case for any reserve for unexpired risks and, therefore, such claims as they have made are not formally within the form of reserves allowable in the Schedule. He therefore disallowed the reserves. This point is really raised in the second question on this reference. It may only be said in answer here that the words "additional reserve, if any" are unqualified words and they may not be confined only to reserve for unexpired risks and both contingency reserves and general reserves may reasonably come under the ordinary meaning of the word "additional reserve, if any" as used in Form F of the Third Schedule of the Insurance Act. Besides, a part of the reserve may be also for the unexpired risks even though the liability for unexpired risks is limited here as the Tribunal indicates in the case of the present assessee having regard to the period of monthly subscription and the three months' grace available. Mr. Mitter advanced his arguments still further on this point by submitting that a mutual insurance association or a company need not build any reserve at all because its purpose is not to make a profit or make a surplus. In aid o....
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.... in my judgment prevent the application of the principle of mutuality. A mutual concern, it is now established, trades with its members (see Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Cornish Mutual Assurance Co. Ltd. [1926] 12 Tax Cas. 841). If members, instead of receiving back part of their surplus contributions by way of bonus, prefer to leave them with the association to attract more members to come in, or to provide additional reserves to cover additional classes of insurance, I do not see how that alters the character of the surplus, nor why the principle of mutuality is thereby affected. It can scarcely be doubted that the New York Life Assurance Company carried on a commercially expanding business". The same is true in the case of this assessee. The statement of the members of the executive committee dated 23rd May, 1950, shows that new members were continuing to join the association in each month and that the membership was increasing. It also expressly declares: "The committee will continue to bear in mind that it is not the intention to make a profit but as far as possible to afford the maximum benefits at minimum cost to members. At the same time, your committee f....
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.... also advanced by Mr. Mitter in this reference before us and is met fully by the observations of Upjohn J. which we have already quoted at page 128 showing that the presence of reserve in a mutual insurance association or company is not destructive of the nature of surplus. Upjohn J. proceeds to dispose of at pages 128-29 the point about the absence of continuity in membership in the following terms: "Nor do I appreciate how the so-called lack of continuity can affect the principle. Once it be admitted that it applies to a fluctuating body of contributors and that a contributor may go out of the scheme leaving some part of his contributions to his successors, then in my judgment it would apply where the scheme provides that if a contributor goes out he must leave the whole of his contributions behind. Nor in my judgment can the rate of change of contributors affect the principle. Over the years there must in New York Life Insurance Company v. Styles [1889] 2 Tax Cas. 460 have been a complete change of contributors, though the tempo may have been slowed due to the inherent difference between life policies and indemnity policies; but the principle is plainly not confined to th....
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....in the Schedule". proceeds to say at page 429: "In the result, I am of opinion, that in the case of life insurance companies, depreciation on furniture, motor cars and books is not governed by either section 10(2)(vi), read with rule 2(b) or by rule 3(b). For practical purposes, it is sufficient for the assessee if rule 2(b) is excluded, for even if such depreciation does not come under rule 3(b), it has still to be allowed in full, since there is no other provision in the Schedule for disallowing it or reducing its amount. As I have already explained, subject to the adjustments directed by the Schedule the actuarial surplus must stand. There is thus either a lacuna in the Schedule or an intention that in the case of life insurance companies, depreciation on the assets mentioned in section 10(2)(vi), so far as it is debited in the accounts, must be allowed in full". Remembering that the present reference before us is not a life insurance case and remembering that rules 2 and 3 are not applicable to rule 6, it is still possible to find from this judgment the indication of the scheme of the rules and to find support for the view which we are taking that the Income....
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.... way of making an estimate. There is no way of estimating, which is right or wrong in itself. It is a question of fact and figure whether the way of making the estimate in any case is the best way for that case. Experience seems to have satisfied Courts of Law for a considerable time that the method which I have described as the second is a useful working rule. But no one has said in this House that there is any constraint to accept it. It may be that the character or mode of carrying on this insurance business may alter or may have altered, and what was a good method once may become inaccurate or even obsolete". It must, however, be remembered that neither the Sun Insurance case (supra) nor the McGowan case (supra), which is distinguished, was a case of a mutual insurance society. We can conclude our reference to cases by noticing the other case cited by Mr. Mitter in Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax v. Ruby General Insurance Co. Lid. [1957] 32 ITR 82 (SC). This decision, in our opinion, is irrelevant to the point that we have to decide in this reference. This was a case of a contingent liability arising out of the contract of insurance from business other than life insura....