AI OCR 
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
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....y shall apply this Standard, including the use of any practical expedients, consistently to contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances. 4 This Standard specifies the accounting for an individual contract with a customer. However, as a practical expedient, an entity may apply this Standard to a portfolio of contracts (or performance obligations) with similar characteristics if the entity reasonably expects that the effects on the financial statements of applying this Standard to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying this Standard to the individual contracts (or performance obligations) within that portfolio. When accounting for a portfolio, an entity shall use estimates and assumptions that reflect the size and composition of the portfolio. Scope 5 An entity shall apply this Standard to all contracts with customers, except the following: ^2[(a) lease contracts within the scope of Ind AS 116, Leases;] ^17[(b) contracts within the scope of Ind AS 117, Insurance Contracts. However, an entity may choose to apply this Standard to insurance contracts that have as their primary purpose the provision of services for a fix....
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....arate and/or initially measure the part (or parts) of the contract. 8 This Standard specifies the accounting for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and for the costs incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer if those costs are not within the scope of another Standard (see paragraphs 91-104). An entity shall apply those paragraphs only to the costs incurred that relate to a contract with a customer (or part of that contract) that is within the scope of this Standard. Recognition Identifying the contract 9 An entity shall account for a contract with a customer that is within the scope of this Standard only when all of the following criteria are met: (a) the parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations; (b) the entity can identify each party's rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred; (c) the entity can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred; (d) the contract has commercial substance (ie the risk, timing or amount of the....
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....mer meets the criteria in paragraph 9 at contract inception, an entity shall not reassess those criteria unless there is an indication of a significant change in facts and circumstances. For example, if a customer's ability to pay the consideration deteriorates significantly, an entity would reassess whether it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for the remaining goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. 14 If a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9, an entity shall continue to assess the contract to determine whether the criteria in paragraph 9 are subsequently met. 15 When a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9 and an entity receives consideration from the customer, the entity shall recognise the consideration received as revenue only when either of the following events has occurred: (a) the entity has no remaining obligations to transfer goods or services to the customer and all, or substantially all, of the consideration promised by the customer has been received by the entity and is non-refundable; or (b) ....
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....n price. In determining whether the rights and obligations that are created or changed by a modification are enforceable, an entity shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances including the terms of the contract and other evidence. If the parties to a contract have approved a change in the scope of the contract but have not yet determined the corresponding change in price, an entity shall estimate the change to the transaction price arising from the modification in accordance with paragraphs 50-54 on estimating variable consideration and paragraphs 56-58 on constraining estimates of variable consideration. 20 An entity shall account for a contract modification as a separate contract if both of the following conditions are present: (a) the scope of the contract increases because of the addition of promised goods or services that are distinct (in accordance with paragraphs 26-30); and (b) the price of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the entity's stand-alone selling prices of the additional promised goods or services and any appropriate adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. For....
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....tent with the objectives of this paragraph. Identifying performance obligations 22 At contract inception, an entity shall assess the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and shall identify as a performance obligation each promise to transfer to the customer either: (a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or (b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer (see paragraph 23). 23 A series of distinct goods or services has the same pattern of transfer to the customer if both of the following criteria are met: (a) each distinct good or service in the series that the entity promises to transfer to the customer would meet the criteria in paragraph 35 to be a performance obligation satisfied over time; and (b) in accordance with paragraphs 39-40, the same method would be used to measure the entity's progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation to transfer each distinct good or service in the series to the customer. Promises in contracts with customers 24 A contract with a custo....
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....roduct from the retailer); (h) constructing, manufacturing or developing an asset on behalf of a customer; (i) granting licences (see paragraphs B52-B63B); and (j) granting options to purchase additional goods or services (when those options provide a customer with a material right, as described in paragraphs B39-B43). 27 A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if both of the following criteria are met: (a) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (ie the good or service is capable of being distinct); and (b) the entity's promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (ie the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract). 28 A customer can benefit from a good or service in accordance with paragraph 27(a) if the good or service could be used, consumed, sold for an amount that is greater than scrap value or otherwise held in a way that generates economic benefits. For some goods or services, a custom....
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....s in the contract. For example, in some cases, two or more goods or services are significantly affected by each other because the entity would not be able to fulfil its promise by transferring each of the goods or services independently. 30 If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity shall combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. In some cases, that would result in the entity accounting for all the goods or services promised in a contract as a single performance obligation. Satisfaction of performance obligations 31 An entity shall recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (ie an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset. 32 For each performance obligation identified in accordance with paragraphs 22-30, an entity shall determine at contract inception whether it satisfies the performance obligation over time (in accordance with paragraphs 35-37) or satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time (in accordance with paragra....
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....native use to the entity is made at contract inception. After contract inception, an entity shall not update the assessment of the alternative use of an asset unless the parties to the contract approve a contract modification that substantively changes the performance obligation. Paragraphs B6-B8 provide guidance for assessing whether an asset has an alternative use to an entity. 37 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract, as well as any laws that apply to the contract, when evaluating whether it has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date in accordance with paragraph 35(c). The right to payment for performance completed to date does not need to be for a fixed amount. However, at all times throughout the duration of the contract, the entity must be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for performance completed to date if the contract is terminated by the customer or another party for reasons other than the entity's failure to perform as promised. Paragraphs B9-B13 provide guidance for assessing the existence and enforceability of a right to payment and whether an entity's right to payment would entitle the entity to be p....
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....sks and rewards of ownership of the asset-the transfer of the significant risks and rewards of ownership of an asset to the customer may indicate that the customer has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. However, when evaluating the risks and rewards of ownership of a promised asset, an entity shall exclude any risks that give rise to a separate performance obligation in addition to the performance obligation to transfer the asset. For example, an entity may have transferred control of an asset to a customer but not yet satisfied an additional performance obligation to provide maintenance services related to the transferred asset. (e) The customer has accepted the asset-the customer's acceptance of an asset may indicate that it has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. To evaluate the effect of a contractual customer acceptance clause on when control of an asset is transferred, an entity shall consider the guidance in paragraphs B83-B86. Measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation ....
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....le information that would be required to apply an appropriate method of measuring progress. 45 In some circumstances (for example, in the early stages of a contract), an entity may not be able to reasonably measure the outcome of a performance obligation, but the entity expects to recover the costs incurred in satisfying the performance obligation. In those circumstances, the entity shall recognise revenue only to the extent of the costs incurred until such time that it can reasonably measure the outcome of the performance obligation. Measurement 46 When (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, an entity shall recognise as revenue the amount of the transaction price (which excludes estimates of variable consideration that are constrained in accordance with paragraphs 56-58) that is allocated to that performance obligation. Determining the transaction price 47 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts....
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....eration. In other cases, the transaction price shall be considered as fixed. 52 The variability relating to the consideration promised by a customer may be explicitly stated in the contract. In addition to the terms of the contract, the promised consideration is variable if either of the following circumstances exists: (a) the customer has a valid expectation arising from an entity's customary business practices, published policies or specific statements that the entity will accept an amount of consideration that is less than the price stated in the contract. That is, it is expected that the entity will offer a price concession. Depending on the jurisdiction, industry or customer this offer may be referred to as a discount, rebate, refund or credit. (b) other facts and circumstances indicate that the entity's intention, when entering into the contract with the customer, is to offer a price concession to the customer. 53 An entity shall estimate an amount of variable consideration by using either of the following methods, depending on which method the entity expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled: (a) The e....
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....gnised will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. 57 In assessing whether it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved, an entity shall consider both the likelihood and the magnitude of the revenue reversal. Factors that could increase the likelihood or the magnitude of a revenue reversal include, but are not limited to, any of the following: (a) the amount of consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside the entity's influence. Those factors may include volatility in a market, the judgement or actions of third parties, weather conditions and a high risk of obsolescence of the promised good or service. (b) the uncertainty about the amount of consideration is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time. (c) the entity's experience (or other evidence) with similar types of contracts is limited, or that experience (or other evidence) has limited predictive value. (d) the entity has a practice of either offering a broad....
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....ined effect of both of the following: (i) the expected length of time between when the entity transfers the promised goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods or services; and (ii) the prevailing interest rates in the relevant market. 62 Notwithstanding the assessment in paragraph 61, a contract with a customer would not have a significant financing component if any of the following factors exist: (a) the customer paid for the goods or services in advance and the timing of the transfer of those goods or services is at the discretion of the customer. (b) a substantial amount of the consideration promised by the customer is variable and the amount or timing of that consideration varies on the basis of the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event that is not substantially within the control of the customer or the entity (for example, if the consideration is a sales-based royalty). (c) the difference between the promised consideration and the cash selling price of the good or service (as described in paragraph 61) arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to either the customer or the ....
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....by reference to the stand-alone selling price of the goods or services promised to the customer (or class of customer) in exchange for the consideration. 68 The fair value of the non-cash consideration may vary because of the form of the consideration (for example, a change in the price of a share to which an entity is entitled to receive from a customer). If the fair value of the non-cash consideration promised by a customer varies for reasons other than only the form of the consideration (for example, the fair value could vary because of the entity's performance), an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 56-58. 69 If a customer contributes goods or services (for example, materials, equipment or labour) to facilitate an entity's fulfilment of the contract, the entity shall assess whether it obtains control of those contributed goods or services. If so, the entity shall account for the contributed goods or services as non-cash consideration received from the customer. Consideration payable to a customer 70 Consideration payable to a customer includes cash amounts that an entity pays, or expects to pay, to the customer (or to other parties that purchase the e....
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....tled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. 74 To meet the allocation objective, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price basis in accordance with paragraphs 76-80, except as specified in paragraphs 81-83 (for allocating discounts) and paragraphs 84-86 (for allocating consideration that includes variable amounts). 75 Paragraphs 76-86 do not apply if a contract has only one performance obligation. However, paragraphs 84-86 may apply if an entity promises to transfer a series of distinct goods or services identified as a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) and the promised consideration includes variable amounts. Allocation based on stand-alone selling prices 76 To allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, an entity shall determine the stand-alone selling price at contract inception of the distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation in the contract and allocate the transaction price in proportion to those stand-alone s....
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....ar the same time) for a broad range of amounts (ie the selling price is highly variable because a representative stand-alone selling price is not discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence); or (ii) the entity has not yet established a price for that good or service and the good or service has not previously been sold on a stand-alone basis (ie the selling price is uncertain). 80 A combination of methods may need to be used to estimate the stand-alone selling prices of the goods or services promised in the contract if two or more of those goods or services have highly variable or uncertain stand-alone selling prices. For example, an entity may use a residual approach to estimate the aggregate stand-alone selling price for those promised goods or services with highly variable or uncertain stand-alone selling prices and then use another method to estimate the stand-alone selling prices of the individual goods or services relative to that estimated aggregate stand-alone selling price determined by the residual approach. When an entity uses a combination of methods to estimate the stand-alone selling price of each promised good or service in the contrac....
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....the entire contract or to a specific part of the contract, such as either of the following: (a) one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract (for example, a bonus may be contingent on an entity transferring a promised good or service within a specified period of time); or (b) one or more, but not all, distinct goods or services promised in a series of distinct goods or services that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) (for example, the consideration promised for the second year of a two-year cleaning service contract will increase on the basis of movements in a specified inflation index). 85 An entity shall allocate a variable amount (and subsequent changes to that amount) entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) if both of the following criteria are met: (a) the terms of a variable payment relate specifically to the entity's efforts to satisfy the performance obligation or transfer the distinct good or service (or to a specific outcome from satisfying the performance obliga....
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....for in accordance with paragraph 21(a). (b) In all other cases in which the modification was not accounted for as a separate contract in accordance with paragraph 20, an entity shall allocate the change in the transaction price to the performance obligations in the modified contract (ie the performance obligations that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied immediately after the modification). Contract costs Incremental costs of obtaining a contract 91 An entity shall recognise as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the entity expects to recover those costs. 92 The incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those costs that an entity incurs to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained (for example, a sales commission). 93 Costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained shall be recognised as an expense when incurred, unless those costs are explicitly chargeable to the customer regardless of whether the contract is obtained. 94 As a practical expedient, an entity may recognise the incremental cos....
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....se costs in accordance with paragraph 97); (b) costs of wasted materials, labour or other resources to fulfil the contract that were not reflected in the price of the contract; (c) costs that relate to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance obligations) in the contract (ie costs that relate to past performance); and (d) costs for which an entity cannot distinguish whether the costs relate to unsatisfied performance obligations or to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance obligations). Amortisation and impairment 99 An asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 shall be amortised on a systematic basis that is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. The asset may relate to goods or services to be transferred under a specific anticipated contract (as described in paragraph 95(a)). 100 An entity shall update the amortisation to reflect a significant change in the entity's expected timing of transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. Such a change shall be accounted for as a change in ac....
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.... is unconditional (ie a receivable), before the entity transfers a good or service to the customer, the entity shall present the contract as a contract liability when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). A contract liability is an entity's obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. 107 If an entity performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, the entity shall present the contract as a contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as a receivable. A contract asset is an entity's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer. An entity shall assess a contract asset for impairment in accordance with Ind AS 109. An impairment of a contract asset shall be measured, presented and disclosed on the same basis as a financial asset that is within the scope of Ind AS 109 (see also paragraph 113(b)). 108 A receivable is an entity's right to consideration that is unconditional. A right to consideration is uncon....
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....tandard if it has provided the information in accordance with another Standard. Contracts with customers 113 An entity shall disclose all of the following amounts for the reporting period unless those amounts are presented separately in the statement of profit and loss in accordance with other Standards: (a) revenue recognised from contracts with customers, which the entity shall disclose separately from its other sources of revenue; and (b) any impairment losses recognised (in accordance with Ind AS 109) on any receivables or contract assets arising from an entity's contracts with customers, which the entity shall disclose separately from impairment losses from other contracts. Disaggregation of revenue 114 An entity shall disaggregate revenue recognised from contracts with customers into categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. An entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs B87-B89 when selecting the categories to use to disaggregate revenue. 115 In addition, an entity shall disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understan....
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....n contracts with customers, including a description of all of the following: (a) when the entity typically satisfies its performance obligations (for example, upon shipment, upon delivery, as services are rendered or upon completion of service), including when performance obligations are satisfied in a bill-and-hold arrangement; (b) the significant payment terms (for example, when payment is typically due, whether the contract has a significant financing component, whether the consideration amount is variable and whether the estimate of variable consideration is typically constrained in accordance with paragraphs 56-58); (c) the nature of the goods or services that the entity has promised to transfer, highlighting any performance obligations to arrange for another party to transfer goods or services (ie if the entity is acting as an agent); (d) obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations; and (e) types of warranties and related obligations. Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations 120 An entity shall disclose the following information about its remaining performance obligations: ....
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.... and how those methods are applied); and (b) an explanation of why the methods used provide a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods or services. 125 For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, an entity shall disclose the significant judgements made in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. Determining the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations 126 An entity shall disclose information about the methods, inputs and assumptions used for all of the following: (a) determining the transaction price, which includes, but is not limited to, estimating variable consideration, adjusting the consideration for the effects of the time value of money and measuring non-cash consideration; (b) assessing whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained; (c) allocating the transaction price, including estimating stand-alone selling prices of promised goods or services and allocating discounts and variable consideration to a specific part of the contract (if applicable); and (d) measuring obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations....
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....n economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in an increase in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. performance obligation A promise in a contract with a customer to transfer to the customer either: (a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or (b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. revenue Income arising in the course of an entity's ordinary activities. stand-alone selling price (of a good or service) The price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. transaction price (for a contract with a customer) The amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. Appendix B Application Guidance This appendix is an integral pa....
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....us consumption by the customer of the benefits of the entity's performance can be readily identified. B4 For other types of performance obligations, an entity may not be able to readily identify whether a customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits from the entity's performance as the entity performs. In those circumstances, a performance obligation is satisfied over time if an entity determines that another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work that the entity has completed to date if that other entity were to fulfil the remaining performance obligation to the customer. In determining whether another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work the entity has completed to date, an entity shall make both of the following assumptions: (a) disregard potential contractual restrictions or practical limitations that otherwise would prevent the entity from transferring the remaining performance obligation to another entity; and (b) presume that another entity fulfilling the remainder of the performance obligation would not have the benefit of any asset that is presently controlled by the entity and that would remain c....
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....as a right to payment for performance completed to date if the entity would be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for its performance completed to date in the event that the customer or another party terminates the contract for reasons other than the entity's failure to perform as promised. An amount that would compensate an entity for performance completed to date would be an amount that approximates the selling price of the goods or services transferred to date (for example, recovery of the costs incurred by an entity in satisfying the performance obligation plus a reasonable profit margin) rather than compensation for only the entity's potential loss of profit if the contract were to be terminated. Compensation for a reasonable profit margin need not equal the profit margin expected if the contract was fulfilled as promised, but an entity should be entitled to compensation for either of the following amounts: (a) a proportion of the expected profit margin in the contract that reasonably reflects the extent of the entity's performance under the contract before termination by the customer (or another party); or (b) a reasonable return on t....
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....date in similar contracts have no binding legal effect; or (c) an entity's customary business practices of choosing not to enforce a right to payment has resulted in the right being rendered unenforceable in that legal environment. However, notwithstanding that an entity may choose to waive its right to payment in similar contracts, an entity would continue to have a right to payment to date if, in the contract with the customer, its right to payment for performance to date remains enforceable. B13 The payment schedule specified in a contract does not necessarily indicate whether an entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Although the payment schedule in a contract specifies the timing and amount of consideration that is payable by a customer, the payment schedule might not necessarily provide evidence of the entity's right to payment for performance completed to date. This is because, for example, the contract could specify that the consideration received from the customer is refundable for reasons other than the entity failing to perform as promised in the contract. Methods for measuring progress towards complete satisfaction o....
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.... (for example, resources consumed, labour hours expended, costs incurred, time elapsed or machine hours used) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. If the entity's efforts or inputs are expended evenly throughout the performance period, it may be appropriate for the entity to recognise revenue on a straight-line basis. B19 A shortcoming of input methods is that there may not be a direct relationship between an entity's inputs and the transfer of control of goods or services to a customer. Therefore, an entity shall exclude from an input method the effects of any inputs that, in accordance with the objective of measuring progress in paragraph 39, do not depict the entity's performance in transferring control of goods or services to the customer. For instance, when using a cost-based input method, an adjustment to the measure of progress may be required in the following circumstances: (a) When a cost incurred does not contribute to an entity's progress in satisfying the performance obligation. For example, an entity would not recognise revenue on the basis of costs incurred that are attributable to significant inefficien....
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....ded subject to a refund), an entity shall recognise all of the following: (a) revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled (therefore, revenue would not be recognised for the products expected to be returned); (b) a refund liability; and (c) an asset (and corresponding adjustment to cost of sales) for its right to recover products from customers on settling the refund liability. B22 An entity's promise to stand ready to accept a returned product during the return period shall not be accounted for as a performance obligation in addition to the obligation to provide a refund. B23 An entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 47-72 (including the requirements for constraining estimates of variable consideration in paragraphs 56-58) to determine the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled (ie excluding the products expected to be returned). For any amounts received (or receivable) for which an entity does not expect to be entitled, the entity shall not recognise revenue when it transfers products to customers but shall recognise those amounts received (or....
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.... to provide the service to the customer in addition to the product that has the functionality described in the contract. In those circumstances, an entity shall account for the promised warranty as a performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 22-30 and allocate a portion of the transaction price to that performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 73-86. B30 If a customer does not have the option to purchase a warranty separately, an entity shall account for the warranty in accordance with Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, unless the promised warranty, or a part of the promised warranty, provides the customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications. B31 In assessing whether a warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, an entity shall consider factors such as: (a) Whether the warranty is required by law-if the entity is required by law to provide a warranty, the existence of that law indicates that the promised warranty is not a performance obligation because such req....
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....ether it is a principal or an agent for each specified good or service promised to the customer. A specified good or service is a distinct good or service (or a distinct bundle of goods or services) to be provided to the customer (see paragraphs 27-30). If a contract with a customer includes more than one specified good or service, an entity could be a principal for some specified goods or services and an agent for others. B34A To determine the nature of its promise (as described in paragraph B34), the entity shall: (a) identify the specified goods or services to be provided to the customer (which, for example, could be a right to a good or service to be provided by another party (see paragraph 26)); and (b) assess whether it controls (as described in paragraph 33) each specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. B35 An entity is a principal if it controls the specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to a customer. However, an entity does not necessarily control a specified good if the entity obtains legal title to that good only momentarily before legal title is transferred to a customer.....
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....eceived in exchange for the goods or services to be provided by that party. B37 Indicators that an entity controls the specified good or service before it is transferred to the customer (and is therefore a principal (see paragraph B35)) include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service. This typically includes responsibility for the acceptability of the specified good or service (for example, primary responsibility for the good or service meeting customer specifications). If the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service, this may indicate that the other party involved in providing the specified good or service is acting on the entity's behalf. (b) the entity has inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a customer or after transfer of control to the customer (for example, if the customer has a right of return). For example, if the entity obtains, or commits itself to obtain, the specified good or service before obtaining a contract with a customer, that may indicate ....
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....a or market). If the option provides a material right to the customer, the customer in effect pays the entity in advance for future goods or services and the entity recognises revenue when those future goods or services are transferred or when the option expires. B41 If a customer has the option to acquire an additional good or service at a price that would reflect the stand-alone selling price for that good or service, that option does not provide the customer with a material right even if the option can be exercised only by entering into a previous contract. In those cases, the entity has made a marketing offer that it shall account for in accordance with this Standard only when the customer exercises the option to purchase the additional goods or services. B42 Paragraph 74 requires an entity to allocate the transaction price to performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. If the stand-alone selling price for a customer's option to acquire additional goods or services is not directly observable, an entity shall estimate it. That estimate shall reflect the discount that the customer would obtain when exercising the option, adjusted for both of the f....
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....xample, a government entity in accordance with applicable unclaimed property laws. Non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs) B48 In some contracts, an entity charges a customer a non-refundable upfront fee at or near contract inception. Examples include joining fees in health club membership contracts, activation fees in telecommunication contracts, setup fees in some services contracts and initial fees in some supply contracts. B49 To identify performance obligations in such contracts, an entity shall assess whether the fee relates to the transfer of a promised good or service. In many cases, even though a non-refundable upfront fee relates to an activity that the entity is required to undertake at or near contract inception to fulfil the contract, that activity does not result in the transfer of a promised good or service to the customer (see paragraph 25). Instead, the upfront fee is an advance payment for future goods or services and, therefore, would be recognised as revenue when those future goods or services are provided. The revenue recognition period would extend beyond the initial contractual period if the entity grants the customer the option to renew....
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.... a component of a tangible good and that is integral to the functionality of the good; and (b) a licence that the customer can benefit from only in conjunction with a related service (such as an online service provided by the entity that enables, by granting a licence, the customer to access content). B55 If the licence is not distinct, an entity shall apply paragraphs 31-38 to determine whether the performance obligation (which includes the promised licence) is a performance obligation that is satisfied over time or satisfied at a point in time. B56 If the promise to grant the licence is distinct from the other promised goods or services in the contract and, therefore, the promise to grant the licence is a separate performance obligation, an entity shall determine whether the licence transfers to a customer either at a point in time or over time. In making this determination, an entity shall consider whether the nature of the entity's promise in granting the licence to a customer is to provide the customer with either: (a) a right to access the entity's intellectual property as it exists throughout the licence period; or (b) a right to use the enti....
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....of the customer to obtain benefit from that intellectual property would not be significantly affected by the entity's activities unless those activities significantly change its form or functionality. Types of intellectual property that often have significant stand-alone functionality include software, biological compounds or drug formulas, and completed media content (for example, films, television shows and music recordings). B60 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are met, an entity shall account for the promise to grant a licence as a performance obligation satisfied over time because the customer will simultaneously receive and consume the benefit from the entity's performance of providing access to its intellectual property as the performance occurs (see paragraph 35(a)). An entity shall apply paragraphs 39-45 to select an appropriate method to measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation to provide access. B61 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are not met, the nature of an entity's promise is to provide a right to use the entity's intellectual property as that intellectual property exists (in terms of form and functionality) at the poin....
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....as been satisfied (or partially satisfied). B63A The requirement for a sales-based or usage-based royalty in paragraph B63 applies when the royalty relates only to a licence of intellectual property or when a licence of intellectual property is the predominant item to which the royalty relates (for example, the licence of intellectual property may be the predominant item to which the royalty relates when the entity has a reasonable expectation that the customer would ascribe significantly more value to the licence than to the other goods or services to which the royalty relates). B63B When the requirement in paragraph B63A is met, revenue from a sales-based or usage-based royalty shall be recognised wholly in accordance with paragraph B63. When the requirement in paragraph B63A is not met, the requirements on variable consideration in paragraphs 50-59 apply to the sales-based or usage-based royalty. Repurchase agreements B64 A repurchase agreement is a contract in which an entity sells an asset and also promises or has the option (either in the same contract or in another contract) to repurchase the asset. The repurchased asset may be the asset that was originally sold ....
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....ligation to repurchase the asset at the customer's request (a put option) at a price that is lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity shall consider at contract inception whether the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. The customer's exercising of that right results in the customer effectively paying the entity consideration for the right to use a specified asset for a period of time. Therefore, if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the entity shall account for the agreement as a lease in accordance with Ind AS 116, unless the contract is part of a sale and leaseback transaction. If the contract is part of a sale and leaseback transaction, the entity shall continue to recognise the asset and shall recognise a financial liability for any consideration received from the customer. The entity shall account for the financial liability in accordance with Ind AS 109.] B71 To determine whether a customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise its right, an entity shall consider various factors, including the relationship of the repurchase price to the expected market value of the ass....
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....oduct or transfer the product to a third party (such as another dealer); and (c) the dealer does not have an unconditional obligation to pay for the product (although it might be required to pay a deposit). Bill-and-hold arrangements B79 A bill-and-hold arrangement is a contract under which an entity bills a customer for a product but the entity retains physical possession of the product until it is transferred to the customer at a point in time in the future. For example, a customer may request an entity to enter into such a contract because of the customer's lack of available space for the product or because of delays in the customer's production schedules. B80 An entity shall determine when it has satisfied its performance obligation to transfer a product by evaluating when a customer obtains control of that product (see paragraph 38). For some contracts, control is transferred either when the product is delivered to the customer's site or when the product is shipped, depending on the terms of the contract (including delivery and shipping terms). However, for some contracts, a customer may obtain control of a product even though that product remains in an entit....
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....e. The entity's experience with contracts for similar goods or services may provide evidence that a good or service provided to the customer is in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract. If revenue is recognised before customer acceptance, the entity still must consider whether there are any remaining performance obligations (for example, installation of equipment) and evaluate whether to account for them separately. B85 However, if an entity cannot objectively determine that the good or service provided to the customer is in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then the entity would not be able to conclude that the customer has obtained control until the entity receives the customer's acceptance. That is because in that circumstance the entity cannot determine that the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the good or service. B86 If an entity delivers products to a customer for trial or evaluation purposes and the customer is not committed to pay any consideration until the trial period lapses, control of the product is not transferred to the customer unt....
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....diaries). Appendix C Effective date and transition C1 An entity shall apply this Standard for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 April, 2018. ^6[C1A Ind AS 116, Leases, amended paragraphs 5, 97, B66, B70, paragraph AG8 of Appendix D and paragraph 5 of Appendix E. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 116.] C1B * ^18[C1C Ind AS 117 amended paragraph 5. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies Ind AS 117] Transition C2 For the purposes of the transition requirements in paragraphs C3-C8A: (a) the date of initial application is the start of the reporting period in which an entity first applies this Standard; and (b) a completed contract is a contract for which the entity has transferred all of the goods or services identified in accordance with Ind AS 11, Construction Contracts and Ind AS 18, Revenue. C3 An entity shall apply this Standard using one of the following two methods: (a) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, subject to the expedients in paragraph C5; or (b) ....
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....t expedient consistently to all contracts within all reporting periods presented. In addition, the entity shall disclose all of the following information: (a) the expedients that have been used; and (b) to the extent reasonably possible, a qualitative assessment of the estimated effect of applying each of those expedients. C7 If an entity elects to apply this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b), the entity shall recognise the cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate) of the accounting period that includes the date of initial application. Under this transition method, an entity may elect to apply this Standard retrospectively only to contracts that are not completed contracts at the date of initial application (for example, 1 April, 2018 for an entity with a 31 March year-end). C7A An entity applying this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b) may also use the practical expedient described in paragraph C5(c), either: (a) for all contract modifications that occur before the beginning of th....
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....ce concession arrangement. 3 A feature of these service arrangements is the public service nature of the obligation undertaken by the operator. Public policy is for the services related to the infrastructure to be provided to the public, irrespective of the identity of the party that operates the services. The service arrangement contractually obliges the operator to provide the services to the public on behalf of the public sector entity. Other common features are: (a) the party that grants the service arrangement (the grantor) is a public sector entity, including a governmental body, or a private sector entity to which the responsibility for the service has been devolved. (b) the operator is responsible for at least some of the management of the infrastructure and related services and does not merely act as an agent on behalf of the grantor. (c) the contract sets the initial prices to be levied by the operator and regulates price revisions over the period of the service arrangement. (d) the operator is obliged to hand over the infrastructure to the grantor in a specified condition at the end of the period of the arrangement, for little or no....
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....tangible asset; and (g) items provided to the operator by the grantor. Accounting Principles Treatment of the operator's rights over the infrastructure 11 Infrastructure within the scope of this Appendix shall not be recognised as property, plant and equipment of the operator because the contractual service arrangement does not convey the right to control the use of the public service infrastructure to the operator. The operator has access to operate the infrastructure to provide the public service on behalf of the grantor in accordance with the terms specified in the contract. Recognition and measurement of arrangement consideration 12 Under the terms of contractual arrangements within the scope of this Appendix, the operator acts as a service provider. The operator constructs or upgrades infrastructure (construction or upgrade services) used to provide a public service and operates and maintains that infrastructure (operation services) for a specified period of time. 13 The operator shall recognise and measure revenue in accordance with Ind AS 115 for the services it performs. The nature of the consideration determines its subsequent accounting treatmen....
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....ng the construction or upgrade period in accordance with Ind AS 115. Operation services 20 The operator shall account for operation services in accordance with Ind AS 115. Contractual obligations to restore the infrastructure to a specified level of serviceability 21 The operator may have contractual obligations it must fulfil as a condition of its licence (a) to maintain the infrastructure to a specified level of serviceability or (b) to restore the infrastructure to a specified condition before it is handed over to the grantor at the end of the service arrangement. These contractual obligations to maintain or restore infrastructure, except for any upgrade element (see paragraph 14 of this Appendix), shall be recognised and measured in accordance with Ind AS 37, ie at the best estimate of the expenditure that would be required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. Borrowing costs incurred by the operator 22 In accordance with Ind AS 23, borrowing costs attributable to the arrangement shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred unless the operator has a contractual right to receive an intangible asset (....
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....that infrastructure is within the scope of the Appendix when the following conditions apply: (a) the grantor controls or regulates what services the operator must provide with the infrastructure, to whom it must provide them, and at what price; and (b) the grantor controls-through ownership, beneficial entitlement or otherwise-any significant residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement. AG2 The control or regulation referred to in condition (a) could be by contract or otherwise (such as through a regulator), and includes circumstances in which the grantor buys all of the output as well as those in which some or all of the output is bought by other users. In applying this condition, the grantor and any related parties shall be considered together. If the grantor is a public sector entity, the public sector as a whole, together with any regulators acting in the public interest, shall be regarded as related to the grantor for the purposes of this Appendix D. AG3 For the purpose of condition (a), the grantor does not need to have complete control of the price: it is sufficient for the price to be regulated by the grantor, co....
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....s might apply to a private wing of a hospital, where the remainder of the hospital is used by the grantor to treat public patients. (b) when purely ancillary activities (such as a hospital shop) are unregulated, the control tests shall be applied as if those services did not exist, because in cases in which the grantor controls the services in the manner described in paragraph 5 of Appendix D, the existence of ancillary activities does not detract from the grantor's control of the infrastructure. ^7[AG8 The operator may have a right to use the separable infrastructure described in paragraph AG7(a), or the facilities used to provide ancillary unregulated services described in paragraph AG7(b). In either case, there may in substance be a lease from the grantor to the operator; if so, it shall be accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 116.] Information note 1 Accounting framework for public-to-private service arrangements This note accompanies, but is not part of, Appendix D The diagram below summarises the accounting for service arrangements established by Appendix A Information note 2 References to Indian Accounting Standards that apply to typical type....
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....ng for the period of the concession to the operator: (a) the right to provide services that give the public access to major economic and social facilities, and (b) in some cases, the right to use specified tangible assets, intangible assets, or financial assets, in exchange for the operator: (c) committing to provide the services according to certain terms and conditions during the concession period, and (d) when applicable, committing to return at the end of the concession period the rights received at the beginning of the concession period and/or acquired during the concession period. 3 The common characteristic of all service concession arrangements is that the operator both receives a right and incurs an obligation to provide public services. 4 The issue is what information should be disclosed in the notes in the financial statements of an operator and a grantor. ^8[5. Certain aspects and disclosures relating to some service concession arrangements are addressed by Indian Accounting Standards (eg Ind AS 16 applies to acquisitions of items of property, plant and equipment, Ind AS 116 applies to leases of assets, and Ind AS 38....
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.... 2 Appendix A, Intangible Assets-Web Site Costs contained in Ind AS 38, Intangible Assets. Appendix 1 Note: This appendix is not a part of the Indian Accounting Standard. The purpose of this appendix is only to bring out the major differences, if any, between Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 115 and the corresponding International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRIC 12, Service Concession Arrangements and SIC 29 Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures, issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Comparison with IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRIC 12 and SIC 29 1. Different terminology is used in Ind AS 115 eg the term 'balance sheet' is used instead of 'statement of financial position' and 'statement of profit and loss' is used instead of 'statement of comprehensive income'. 2. As per ^15[paragraph 51] of IFRS 15, an amount of consideration, among other things, can vary because of penalties. However, paragraph 51 of Ind AS 115 has been amended to exclude 'penalties' from the list of examples given in the paragraph 51 due to which an amount of consideration can vary. However, parag....
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....and equipment used in fulfilling the contract);" 4 Substituted vide NOTIFICATION No. [F. No. 01/01/2009-CL-V-(Part VII)] dated 30-03-2019 w.e.f. 01-04-2019 before it was read as "(a) a lease in accordance with Ind AS 17, Leases, if the entity can or must repurchase the asset for an amount that is less than the original selling price of the asset; or" 5 Substituted vide NOTIFICATION No. [F. No. 01/01/2009-CL-V-(Part VII)] dated 30-03-2019 w.e.f. 01-04-2019 before it was read as "B70 If an entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer's request (a put option) at a price that is lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity shall consider at contract inception whether the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. The customer's exercising of that right results in the customer effectively paying the entity consideration for the right to use a specified asset for a period of time. Therefore, if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the entity shall account for the agreement as a lease in accordance with Ind AS 17." 6 Substituted vide NOTIFICATION No. [F....
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.... 18-06-2021 12 Substituted vide NOTIFICATION NO. G.S.R. 419(E) dated 18-06-2021 before it was read as "6. Paragraphs C1B, C8A and C9 related to effective date and transition have been deleted due to following reasons:" 13 Inserted vide NOTIFICATION NO. G.S.R. 419(E) dated 18-06-2021 14 Substituted vide NOTIFICATION NO. G.S.R. 419(E) dated 18-06-2021 before it was read as "7. Paragraphs B57 of Appendix B of IFRS 15 appears as 'Deleted'. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 15, the paragraph number is retained in Ind AS 115." 15 Substituted vide Notification G.S.R. 242(E), dated 31.03.2023 w.e.f. 01.04.2023, before it was read as, "paragraph of 15" 16 Substituted vide Notification G.S.R. 242(E), dated 31.03.2023 w.e.f. 01.04.2023, before it was read as, "Appendix D" 17 Substituted vide Notification No. G.S.R. 492 (E) dated 12-08-2024 before it was read as, "(b) insurance contracts within the scope of Ind AS 104, Insurance Contracts;" 18. Inserted vide Notification No. G.S.R. 492 (E) dated 12-08-2024 19. ....