TaxTMI 
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1990 (5) TMI 234
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....ness granted by the High Court. The ONGC was initially a Department of the Government of India but, in view of its expanding activities in the search for strategic and vital materials like oil, petroleum and its products it was set up as a body corporate. It is now a statutory corporation constituted by and under the Oil and Natural Gas Commission Act, (Central Act 43 of 1959, hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). The Act provides for the establishment of a Commission "for the development of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it and for matters connected therewith". Section 2(f) of the Act defines 'petroleum' as having the same meaning as in the Petroleum Act, 1934 (Act 30 of 1934) and as including 'natural gas'. The Commission established under the Act took over the previously existing organisation with effect from 18.9.59. Some of the provisions of the Act which are relevant for our present purposes may be set out here. Chapter III which deals with the powers and functions of the Commission consists of Sections 14 and 15. S. 14 reads thus: "14. Functions of the Commission- (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the functions of the Commis....
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....en framed the Oil and Natural Gas Commission Rules, 1960. The only rule relevant for our present purposes is rule 25, dealing with contracts. It reads as follows: "25. Contracts: (1) The Commission may enter into contracts for the purpose of performing its functions under this Act; Provided that provision therefore exists in the budget approved by the Government. (2) Contracts made on behalf of the Commission shah not be binding on it unless they are executed by a person duly authorised by it. (3) A person authorised by the Commission to enter into any contract on its behalf shall not be personally liable for any assurance or contract made on its behalf and any liability arising out of such assurance or contract shall be discharged from the Fund." The statute, it may be observed, neither imposes a specific duty on the O.N.G.C. to supply its products to consumers at large nor contains any provisions regarding the fixation of prices for the commodities made available by the O.N.G.C. for sale. In the course of its drilling and exploration of oil, the ONGC discovered oil-bearing fields in Cambay and Ankleswar region in 1969 and 1961 respectively. In most of the oil fields situate....
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....d high price that was being charged for gas by the ONGC to these organisations. It was felt that the ONGC was denying to them the advantage they should have obtained by the discovery of gas in the region of their operation. It was also felt that this treatment resulted in discrimination against them in comparison with advantages enjoyed by other States due to the availability of fuel resources such as coal or hydro-power within their areas. In view of these expressions of public feeling, the question of fixing a proper price for the gas was taken up by the Government of Gujarat with the Government of India. Eventually, as no agreement could be arrived at, the disputes was referred to the sole arbitration of Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao who gave his award (hereinafter referred to as 'the award') on 23.9.1967. He determined the price of natural gas at Rs. 50 per unit ex-well-head, to which were added royalty, sales-tax, depreciation and the transport charges. This award was to be enforced for a period of five years i.e. upto 31.3.1971. Between April 1971 and December 1975, the well-head price was increased and fixed at Rs. 66 per unit, we are all told, on the intervention of the then Guj....
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....ich these industries would have had to pay for fuel oil if no supply of gas had been available. Later, upto December 1975, the price was based on the cost of production, as determined by the award. After the expiry of the period of operation of the award, the basis for calculation of price was revised on the basis of the thermal equivalence of coal price. The rates of supply from 1.4.78 as fixed above from time to time were also made subject to an automatic annual escalation at 5%. The contracts, as already mentioned, were annual and contained no term for renewal. On the expiry of each contract, a fresh contract had to be entered into and, naturally, the new contract stipulated prices for supply that were prevalent at the time of the respective contracts. It may be mentioned that the existing contracts with the various consumers had lapsed by efflux of time on 31.3.79 in some cases, 30.1.80 in some other cases and in 1982 in respect of others. Aggrieved by the steady rise in the prices, writ petition No. 883 of 1979 was filed by the respondents in the Bombay High Court in March 1979. In this writ petition it was prayed that the ONGC should be directed (a) to continue to supply the....
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....ustment being made in case this Court or the machinery evolved at the time of final disposal of the petition determined the price of gas at a different rate. In other words, if, ultimately, the price of gas should be determined at a higher rate, the writ petitioners would be obliged to make good the difference. In case a lower rate should be determined, the ONGC would be obliged to refund the excess amount collected or adjust it against future supplies, as the Court may direct at the time of disposing of the matter finally. A similar order was passed on 29.12.1982 in another batch of cases. When these appeals were filed a Bench of this Court, on 6.10.1983, continued the interim price of Rs. 1,000 per unit without prejudice to the rights and contentions of the parties and directed the appeals to be expedited. It has taken six years since then for these petitions to come up for heating and till now the respondents have continued to pay at the rate of Rs. 1,000 per unit. It has been stated before us that some of the respondents have failed to pay even at the rate of Rs. 1,000 as directed by this Court and that this Court had to direct, by its orders dated 15.4.87 and 30.10.87, that t....
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....llowing questions: (a) whether the O.N.G.C. is at liberty to fix its own price for the gas or should be directed to fix the price in any particular manner; (b) whether the O.N.G.C. can be directed to supply data and the break-up for the price charged and to negotiate the price with the parties concerned; (c) whether the O.N.G.C. can be compelled to continue to supply gas to the various petitioners at the interim prices fixed by the court subject to adjustment on fixation of prices determined in accordance with the directions of the court; and (d) whether the minimum guarantee of off-take could be raised by the O.N.G.C. to 90 per cent instead of 75 per cent. It is unnecessary at this stage to set out the various contentions raised by the parties before the High Court as they will have to be discussed in some detail later. Here it may be sufficient to summarise the effect of the High Court's judgment in disposing of these writ petitions. The High Court held: (i) The O.N.G.C. is a public utility undertaking and has a duty to supply gas to anyone who requires it so long as there is enough supply available; (ii) Price fixation is generally a legislative function. But the O.N.G.C....
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....round of litigation is avoided. We reiterate that as far as the petitioners are concerned, they are amenable to any of the three modes which the ONGC may choose to adopt. "37. We accordingly set aside the prices demanded by the ONGC from these petitioners in this group of petitions, leaving it open to the ONGC to deal with the question of price fixation in any one of the three modes suggested by us. The petitions are accordingly partly allowed. Rule is accordingly made absolute in all these petitions with costs. 38. The civil applications, in view of the final decision, do not survive and stand disposed of and till the new price fixation is had, the price charged last from these petitioners under the respective contracts with them shall continue to operate between the parties, subject to adjustments in future after prices are fixed as stated above." Shri B. Sen, who appeared for the ONGC, made R clear at the outset that he was not disputing the propositions (a) that the ONGC is 'State' within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution; and (b) that it has a duty to act reasonably and fairly so as not to infringe the provisions of Articles 14 and 19 and also in conso....
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....ade good as commercial enterprises by charging prices which the "traffic can bear" so that they can also contribute substantially to national development. It is submitted that, as against the respondents who are receiving supplies at the rate of Rs. 1,000 per unit, there are 29 industries paying the Government-fixed price of Rs. 1840 (since 1987), 12 other parties who have earlier signed contracts at the furnace oil equivalent rate and 65 industries which are willing to sign contracts at the aforesaid Government rates. It should not also be overlooked that, even if the cost plus basis were to be contemplated, the prices would require substantial revision considering the huge expenditure incurred by the Government of India in recent years in prospecting for oil and the need for heavy capital investment for meeting which the Government has had to obtain huge loans from the World Bank and other organisations. In the context of this integrated activity, it is almost impossible to work out the costs in respect of any particular area or of the particular byeproduct with which we are here concerned. The cost plus basis was fixed by the award several years ago and that too in the context o....
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....entered into agreeing upon a price for such supply. Assuming that the ONGC is a State instrumentality and the price demanded by it is susceptible to judicial review, the court may, where a contract has been entered into, consider the sustainability of the price agreed upon or where no contract has been entered into, injunct the ONGC from demanding a price for supply which is found unreasonable. But we doubt whether it is open to the Court to direct the ONGC to continue the supply indefinitely without a contract and without any price fixation. It is clear that, in giving directions as above, the Court was considerably weighed by its conclusion that the ONGC is a public utility undertaking which is bound to supply gas to all who demand such supply subject only to the availability of enough gas. Dr. Chitale, for the respondents, strongly supported this viewpoint. He urged that it is well settled law that a public utility cannot arbitrarily discontinue its supply or services merely because the customer is unwilling to pay the price asked for as unconscionable and unreasonable. He submitted that this, indeed, is not a modern rule of constitutional law but an ancient rule of public law.....
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....pply electricity to members of the public. There are also other public utility undertakings providing for water, sewage connections, transport and the like which are under a statutory obligation to supply goods and services to members of the society at large, subject to the fulfilment of reasonable conditions prescribed therefore. The supply of gas by the ONGC, it is urged, has not attained this "status" yet. As far as we have been able to see, there is no statutory definition of 'public utility' in the context of any Indian enactment that may be relevant for our present propose. There is a definition of "public utility service" in s. 2(n) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 which, inter alia, covers "any industry which supplies power, light or water to the public" and certain notified industries. It is arguable whether supply of natural gas is included in this definition for, though 'power' connotes generally any form of energy available for doing work, it is normally related to such energy made available by mechanical or electrical means (vide, Webster Comprehensive, Vol. 2, p. 990). It is also a moot question whether that definition can be appropriate in the co....
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....he terms "public service corporation" and "quasipublic corporation" are used to describe public utility corporations, and the term "public service commission" to describe the body regulating such utilities, some courts distinguish between a public sector corporation and a public utility on the basis that the latter is required to serve the public generally, whereas the former may be required to serve members only. The mere fact that a corporation declares itself to be a public utility does not make it such. In determining whether or not a company is a public utility, the law looks at what is being done, not what it asserts it is doing. Nor will the legislative declaration that a certain business shall be deemed a public utility make it such if, in fact, the business as conducted is not impressed with a public use or carried on for the public benefit, since it is beyond the power of the state by legislative edict to make that a public utility which in fact is not, and to take private property for public use by its fiat that the property is being devoted to public use. Furthermore, a dedication of private property to public utility service will not be presumed from the fact that the....
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.... has the legal right to demand that that service shall be conducted, so long as it is continued, with reasonable efficiency under reasonable charges. The devotion to public use must be of such character that the product and service is available to the public generally and indiscriminately, or there must be the acceptance by the utility of public franchises or calling to its aid the police power of the State ' ' The Corpus Juris Secundum (Vol. 73, p990) also carries like definitions. Once a concern is found to be a public utility, at least two consequences follow. One is a general duty to serve which is described in American Jurisprudence thus: "16. General duty to serve The primary duty of a public utility is to serve on reasonable terms all those who desire the service it renders, and it may not choose to serve only the portion of the territory covered by its franchise which is presently profitable for it to serve. Upon the dedication of a public utility to a public use and in return for the grant to it of a public franchise, the public utility is under a legal obligation to render adequate and reasonably efficient service impartially, without unjust discrimination, and a....
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....of rates, fix and exact reasonable rates for services furnished, in which respect the reasonableness of the rate is to be considered in relation to the value of the property used by the utility in the public service. Thus, in the absence of legislation, carriers are ordinarily entitled to establish such rates and to adopt such policy of ratemaking as they may deem best. They may voluntarily render service for less than they could be compelled to accept. The right of a public utility or carrier to set its own rates is subject to the limitation that such rates must be nondiscriminatory and reasonable. xxx xxxxxx This obligation to furnish service at a reasonable price is implied by law and is incurred by acceptance of the franchise and privilege to serve the public. Furthermore, there is authority to the effect that a public utility must give a consumer the benefit of the most favourable rate which he is entitled to receive." We do not think that ONGC satisfies the primary conditions enunciated above for being a public utility undertaking as it has not so far held itself out or undertaken or been obliged by any law to provide gas supply to the public in general or to any particul....
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.... is in regard to these consumers alone that the question of price has been raised before us. We do not, however, think that it is at all necessary for us to delve further into the above concept or express any final opinion as to whether the ONGC is a public utility or not because the claim of the respondents is for a continuance of the present system followed by the ONGC of supplying gas to select customers on the basis of contracts entered into with them. They only want the price to be regulated by the court; they do not challenge, for obvious reasons, the system of distribution thus far adopted by the ONGC. If the argument that the ONGC is a public utility is accepted, then the first consequence to follow will be that gas should be made available by it to all persons who need it for use. It cannot be supplied by the ONGC to only a few public sector undertakings like the GSEB and GSFC or only to a few industries like those of the respondents or only to a few municipalities like the Vadodara Municipality for domestic supply, at its sweet will and pleasure. It would then be open to all undertakings, industries and domestic consumers in Bombay, Gujarat and perhaps elsewhere in the co....
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....is context, we should like to point out once again that the ONGC does not dispute that the price to be charged by it for gas supply should have some basis and not be arbitrary or unconscionable. Their stand before the High Court (vide para 29 of the judgment) and before us has been that the prices are fixed by them from time to time on a well-recognised principle viz. on the basis of the alternative fuel cost which the consumers may have to incur had they not been in receipt of gas supply. Assuming this to be correct, is there any illegality in the procedure adopted by them?--that is the question. The respondents contend, and the High Court has held, that there is. According to them, a public sector undertaking must supply its goods at a price which will cover their cost and leave them a reasonable margin of profit and no more. Dr. Chitale says that this is the only reasonable way of price fixation and refers to the award in support of this proposition. He points out that this is the basis incorporated in several statutory instruments, such as the Sugarcane Price Control order or the Drug Prices Control order or other orders passed under the Essential Commodities Act. He cites the....
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....gas to the Assam Electricity Board at 25 paise per cubic foot cannot be dismissed as lightly as the O.N.G.C. seem to have done. Nor can it be contended by Gujarat that if a mistake has been made once in one area, that therefore it should be extended to other areas. It must be added also that the price of gas in Assam and in Gujarat is not on all fours for the reasons that I shall mention later. All the same, one cannot ignore the relevance of the Assam gas price, even though the remedical action required is perhaps more on the Assam side than on the ONGC attitude in Gujarat. I shall have something to say on the question later on in this report, though it is not strictly within the terms of reference given to the arbitrator. I am not prepared to accept the ONGC contention that because they are All India agency expected to function as a commercial undertaking in the public sector, they are entitled to take no account of the fact that the cost of power generation is high in Gujarat, that this has hampered the possible development of some industries for which Gujarat has natural resources and that public opinion in Gujarat has a natural expectation of a reduction in the cost of power ....
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....e Indian circumstances referred to earlier." Again, at p. 18, the basic formula is expounded as follows: "I have already indicated my thinking on the question of ..... prices of substitute materials on the basis of thermal equivalence in the concluding para of the previous section. Gas pricing in relation to the prices of substitute materials understandable in foreign countries, where gas has been deliberately pushed into the fuel market by pipe line companies which have constructed long and expensive pipe lines and sold gas at a price lower than that of alternative fuels in order to capture and retain the market. In fact, the price of gas in the initial stage was much less than that of competing alternative fuels and not on par with their prices. With the growing recognition of the special advantages obtained by the use of gas in manufacturing operation where close control of heat and cleanliness of operation are essential and worth paying for or in commercial and residential cooking, water heating and space heating, gas prices have been steadily rising over the last few years. Thus while crude oil wholesale prices have moved downward since 1957, gas prices have recorded a steady....
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.... should be based on the price of the available alternative fuels or feedstock." The only other basic formula is the one advanced by the Gujarat Government, namely, "that the only rational approach to the pricing of gas is via the cost plus profits formula". And it is the cost plus profit formula that I propose to adopt as the primary base for determining my award on the price of gas in Gujarat. Having said this, I must hasten to add that this does not mean my acceptance either of the connotation that the Gujarat Government gives to this formula in terms of the content postulated for the cost of production and profit or the figures they have put forward for the price of gas on the basis of their interpretation of the content of cost of production and profit. What I accept is the principle of cost of production plus reasonable profit and not the interpretation that is sought to be given to this principle by the Gujarat Government". The second part of the issue referred to the arbitration was disposed of summarily by the award, in a few words: "Finally, on the question whether there should be any differentiation between the prices to be charged for power generation, fertilisers, and ....
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....e to provide adequately for future explorations, infructuous expenditure, expenditure on modern uptodate machinery and research and above all expenditure that will be necessary to reach the gas to the consumers. In these circumstances, the cost plus basis fixed by Shri Rao in the background of the real nature of the dispute before him three decades ago cannot be taken as conclusive in the present situation. Here we are dealing with a price to be fixed under a contract between the ONGC and one set of industries in the State who wish to make a change over from the furnace oil system to that of gas supply with a view to increase their own profitability and gain an advantage, if possible, over other industries in the State. In this context, we think, ONGC is entitled to a larger latitude and charge a price which the market can bear. The only restrictions is that, being a State instrumentality, it should not be a whimsical or capricious price but should be one based on relevant considerations and on some recognised basis. While the cost plus basis is a recognised basis for fixation of prices of essential commodities or for the services rendered by a public utility undertaking, it would....
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....nsport undertaking, this Court observed, in Venkatachalam v. Deputy Transport Commissioner, [1977] 2 SCR 392: " ..... the special status of a Government owned transport undertaking is obvious ..... Its functional motto is not more profits at any cost but service to citizens first and, in a far larger measure than private companies and individuals, although profitability is also a factor even in public utilities. (emphasis added) These passages indicate that cost plus is not a satisfactory basis in all situations. The basis may need to be made more stringent in some situations and more broad-based in others. May be the cost plus is an ideal basis where the commodity supplied is the product of a monopoly vital' to human needs. In that context the price fixed should be minimum possible as the customer or consumer must have the commodity for his survival and cannot afford more than the minimum. The producer should not, therefore, be allowed to get back more than a minimum profit. Indeed, in certain situations, it may even be inequitable to fix varying prices on the basis of the cost of each individual manufacturer and thus encourage inefficiency; it may be necessary to base it un....
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....s will have to play an increasing part in financing economic development under the various National Plans. It proceeds to say (at p. 173): "A growing source of governmental revenue in many countries is the profits of public undertaking. In under developed countries public enterprises fostered on public revenues are expected to play a more positive role in financing the countries' development than similar enterprises do in developed economies. In determining the price policies of these undertakings considerations of maximising revenue will not play as important a part as profits do in private enterprises, but within the limits set by the necessity to foster economic development, their price policies are designed to bring in some profits to the countries' general revenues. Public enterprises in the under-developed areas are to break ground in projects which are the core of development. If such projects are to be financed on an increasing scale, the price policies have to be so designed that significant surpluses are left with the projects to be employed either for their own expansion or for financing the expansion of other projects. In other words, there should be an element ....
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....a larger number of persons engaged in productive activity. Hence the importance of arranging for proper incentive to stimulate the creation of this kind of surplus. That is the reason why in socialist societies now-adays, individual enterprises are permitted to retain a larger share of such surpluses as they may create by an increase in productivity, this larger share to be used by them partly for increasing individual incomes of those engaged in the enterprises and partly for giving an opportunity to the enterprises in question to build up the financial resources needed to following their own independent investment policies. Public enterprise must be carried on a profitmaking basis, not only in the sense that public enterprise must yield an economic price in the terms described in a previous section but must also get for the community sufficient resources for financing a part of the investment and maintenance expenditure of government. Increasingly, the share of the profits of public enterprises in financing the investment and maintenance expenditure of government must keep on increasing. It is not only the expenditure on the public sector as such that will indicate the march of t....
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....exts. Price fixation, it is common ground, is generally a legislative function. But Parliament generally provides for interference only at a stage where in pursuance of social and economic objectives or to discharge duties under the Directive Principles of State Policy, control has to be exercised over the distribution and consumption of the material resources of the community. Thus while Parliament has enacted the Essential Commodities Act, it has left it to the discretion of the Executive to take concrete steps for fixing the prices of essential commodities as and when necessity arises, by promulgating Control Orders in exercise of the powers vested in the Act. Various types of foodgrains, sugarcane and drugs have come under the purview of such control orders and the modalities of fixation of fair prices thereunder have also come up for consideration of the Courts. There has also been such fixation of price under the Industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951, vide: Premier Automobiles v. Union, [1972] 2 SCR 726. In all these cases, the primary concern of Government and Parliament has been that the articles in question should be available to the members of the consumer publi....
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.... with a view to paying large dividends to its shareholders. But it does not follow that the Board may not and need not earn profits for the purpose of performing its duties and discharging its obligations under the statute. It stands to common sense that the Board must manage its affairs on sound economic principles. Having ventured into the field of commerce, no public service undertaking can afford to say it will ignore business principles which are an essential to public service undertakings as to commercial ventures. (See Lord Scarman in Bromely v. Greater London Council, [1982] 1 All ER 129). If the Board borrows sums either from the government or from other sources or by the issue of debentures and bonds, surely the Board must of necessity make provision year after year for the payment of interest on the loans taken by it and for the repayment of the capital amounts of the loans. If the Board is unable to pay interest in any year for want of sufficient revenue receipts, the Board must make provision for payment of such arrears of interest in succeeding years. The Board is not expected to run on a bare year-toyear survival basis. It must have its feet firmly planted on the ear....
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.... earn a profit. We do not think that any of these observations is in conflict with what we have said. Pure profit motive, unjustifiable according to us even in the case of a private trading concern, can never be the sole guiding factor in the case of a public enterprise. If profit is made not for profit's sake but for the purpose of fulfilling, better and more extensively, the obligation of the services expected of it cannot be said that the public enterprise acted beyond its authority. The observations in the first case which were refined to us merely emphasised the fact that the Electricity Board is not an ordinary trading corporation and that as a public utility undertaking its emphasis should be on service and not profit. In the second case, for example, the Court said that it is not expected to make any profit and proceeded to explain why it is not expected to make a profit by saying that it is expected to extend the supply of electricity to unserved areas without reference to considerations of loss. It is of interest that in the second case, dealing with the question whether interest cannot be taken into account in working out profits, the Court observed, (SCC p. 235, par....
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....one. We cannot say, for reasons set out below, that the ONGC has acted arbitrarily in fixing the prices on the thermal equivalence basis; the fact that it has not done it on cost plus basis does not vitiate the price fixation. The only question we have to address ourselves to is as to whether the O.N.G.C. has fixed a price based on relevant materials and on some known principle. At the outset, one must notice that the price is not directly and specifically related to or based on any unreasonable margin of profit. There is nothing to indicate that the ONGC was prompted, in fixing its prices, on the one and only consideration of deriving maximum profits for itself. On the other hand, it appears to have been guided by the needs of the situation and the nature of the distribution system that is in operation. As we said earlier, the manufacture, distribution and consumption of gas has yet not attained the status of an essential commodity till recently. It is still at a stage where the goods are being distributed under private contracts. Whether this is any longer justified and whether there should not be a greater amount of control over the modes of, as well as price for such, distribut....
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....basis is, therefore, a logical and appropriate one in the circumstances We should once again like to emphasise that different considerations may perhaps have to prevail if the treatment of ONGC as a public utility is taken to its logical conclusion but that is not the basis on which the present writ petitions can be decided. Even at present the ONGC is supplying to public sector undertakings at a much lower price. That has not been challenged by those organisations and the differentiation has also been upheld, in principle, by the High Court, rightly in our opinion. Fortunately, with the discovery of more and more oil wells in various parts of the country the economy of the country is booming and gas supply may also become more plentifully available in course of time. The time will perhaps soon come for the evolution of proper schemes of distribution and price control. We are now concerned, however, with the price fixation regarding supply to a few parties who considered it all right to enter into contractual agreements for supply of gas to them on the basis of the price fixed by the ONGC. So far as the scheme of supply is concerned; the respondents also stand by the existing cont....
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.... on a minimum offtake guarantee to the extent of 90%. This has been upheld by the High Court and there is no appeal (the crossappeals having been dismissed as time barred) by the respondents. There can, however, be no doubt that the High Court was right in its conclusion on this issue. If any authority regarding the rationale of such a clause is needed, it is to be found in the decision of this Court in Amalgamated Electricity Co. Ltd. v. Jalgaon Borough Municipality, [1976] 1 SCR 636. (ii) A statement was filed before us to show that if the prices had been determined on the basis of the thermal equivalence of coal, they would have been much smaller. This statement has been filed before us for the first time and its correctness would need verification. It is, however, unnecessary to go into this question. The acceptability of this argument may depend, inter alia on how far the coal basis is relevant for the industries located in Vadodara where the principal alternate fuel is fuel oil. It is possible that this is one alternative that may be available and it was open to the petitioners to have had discuss and mediations with the ONGC for alteration of the prices on that footing. The....
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.... rightly in our view, discarded the comparison. So far as the latter is concerned, the point made by the ONGC was that Dr. Rao had fixed the price of gas in India in 1967 at 15% below the then U.S. price and that on the same basis the price of Rs. 2000 per unit today could not be said to be unreasonable as prices in U.S.A. have also shot up about thirty fold in the meantime. We find no effective reply to this argument. The High Court has just brushed it aside by reiterating that the well-head prices alone would be the reasonable basis for fixation of price. (vi) The High Court in its judgment has observed: "if the ONGC were acting fairly and reasonably, there was nothing to prevent them from placing all their cards on the table of the court. They did not put the price structure that possibly be worked out on the lines similar or akin to those suggested by Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao in his award. Nor did they put forward any other reasonable criteria for price fixation. All throughout they harped on the thermal equivalence and furnace oil equivalance and the prices in U.S.A. and the prices of crude, but did not allow the Court to have the bare glimpse of what could possibly be the well-head ....
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....ospective customers. In such cases of price fixation, as in the case of price fixations by Government (see Cynamide case, [1987] 2 SCC 720), the only remedy of aggrieved consumers can perhaps be to have some sort of post-decisional reconsideration by the ONGC after heating the view points of those affected. But this question does not arise now in the view we have taken to the ONGC's obligations in this regard. We should also like to add that, now that the prices have been fixed by the Government since 30.1.1987 and gas has already been supplied to the respondents till then on the basis of interim prices, the implementation of the directions contained in this paragraph would be a prolonged and unmeaningful exercise and it would have been much better to fix some ad hoc price, for this period, after heating both parties. In fact, Sri B. Sen who appeared for the ONGC very fairly stated before us that, so far as this period was concerned, the ONGC was prepared to leave it to this Court to fix the price of supply at any figure that the Court might consider reasonable. We also suggested to the respondents, keeping the price fixed by the order dated 30.3.1987 in mind, a figure which w....