AI Drafter 
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
2014 (1) TMI 1639
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....ount of a borrower, which had been classified by a bank / financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset in accordance with the RBI guidelines relating to asset classification or similar guidelines issued by banks / financial institutions. He submitted that the SARFAESI Act did not define or even indicate any guideline for defining as to what is sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset. 3. According to him, the Parliament by delegating such an essential legislative function and that too, in an uncontrolled manner inter alia by not setting the limits of the power delegated or by laying down standards or guidelines had clearly violated Article 14 of the Constitution of India. In support of his submission, Mr. Ramesh Singh relied upon a judgment of the Supreme Court in Krishna Mohan (P) Ltd. v. Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Ors., (2003) 7 SCC 151 wherein it has been held has under:- "44. The next question that arises for our consideration is whether, following the reasons given by this Court in New Manek Chowk [AIR 1967 SC 1801] it can be held that sub- section (3) of Section 116 is invalid for excessive delegation of legislative powers as it vests arbitrary and ....
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....is only in such cases that the question of exercise of the discretion on the part of the Commissioner arises. Thus, the so-called guideline is wholly chimerical. 4. Mr. Ramesh Singh further submitted that Section 2(1)(o) was violative of Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India as it gave uncontrolled discretion and arbitrary power in the hands of financial institutions / RBI to declare any entity as an NPA. He stated that under the SARFAESI Act, the borrower had a very limited right to question the proceedings and the consequences provided in the Act were drastic. Consequently, according to him, by empowering the banks / financial institutions / RBI to determine what NPA is, there had been a disastrous effect on business, profession and trade of the borrowers. 5. Mr. Ramesh Singh also submitted that RBI guidelines were contrary to Section 2(1)(o) of the SARFAESI Act. According to him, while the said Section defined NPA to mean those assets, which had in accordance with RBI guidelines become sub-standard, doubtful or loss assets; RBI guidelines defined sub-standard asset (para 4.1.1) as an asset, which had remained non- performing asset for a period of less than or equal....
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....he Government of India based on the Narasimhan Committee Report I and II, prudential norms were introduced by the RBI to address credit monitoring process being pursued by banks and financial institutions. He contended that in order to reflect a bank's financial health in its balance-sheet and as per the recommendations made by the Committee on Financial System (Chairman Shri M. Narasimhan), the RBI had introduced, in a phased manner, prudential norms for income recognition, asset classification and provisioning for the advances portfolio of the banks. 9. He pointed out that prior to the SARFAESI Act, an asset / account was considered as an NPA based on the concept of 'past due'. An NPA was defined as credit in respect of which interest and / or instalment of principal had remained due for a specific period of time. He stated that the specific period had been reduced in a phased manner over a period of time. 10. Mr. Mehra stated that the SAFAESI Act introduced in the year 2002, was amended in the year 2004 and the whole concept of classification of an account as an NPA was further clarified. To elucidate the definition of an NPA in 2002 and 2004, he handed over a char....
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.... loss assets. Sections 2(1)(j), (l) and 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act are reproduced here-in-below:- "2. Definitions.-- (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-- ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (j) "default" means non-payment of any principal debt or interest thereon or any other amount payable by a borrower to any secured creditor consequent upon which the account of such borrower is classified as non- performing asset in the books of account of the secured creditor. (l) "financial asset" means debt or receivables and includes-- (i) a claim to any debt or receivables or part thereof, whether secured or unsecured; or (ii) any debt or receivables secured by, mortgage of, or charge on, immovable property; or (iii) a mortgage, charge, hypothecation or pledge of movable property ; or (iv) any right or interest in the security, whether full or part underlying such debt or receivables; or (v) any beneficial interest in property, whether movable or immovable, or in such debt, recei....
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....aking into consideration Section 2(1)(o) of the SARFAESI Act as well as Clause 2.1 of the RBI guidelines had held that the action of the Bank was not arbitrary or unreasonable in declaring the assets of the defaulter as NPAs. The High Court of Madras after considering the guidelines issued by the RBI in 2004 (as applicable at that point of time) wherein an account was declared as an NPA, if the borrower had not produced any income for the secured creditor for more than 180 days (as applicable at that time) and also there was a default on the part of the borrower as provided under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act, which was analogous to the facts of the present cases had found no merit to interfere with the impugned notice and was pleased to dismiss the writ petition. 15. Mr. Mehra submitted that, in any event, the present writ petitions were not maintainable as the petitioners had an alternative remedy of filing applications under Section 17(1) of the SARFAESI Act to challenge the notices issued under Section 13(4) by the respective Banks / Financial Institutions within a period of forty-five days from the date on which measures under Section 13(4) had been taken. 16. He sta....
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....ccount receivable of a borrower, which had been classified by banks or financial institutions in terms of the RBI guidelines as sub-standard, doubtful and loss. These guidelines were issued to improve quality of assets of the banks and to recover the public money speedily. The impugned guidelines of the RBI were not to eliminate NPAs, but to restructure them. Preamble as well as the impugned provisions and circular 22. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties at length, we are of the view that it would be worthwhile to reproduce the impugned provision of the SARFAESI Act, which reads as under:- 2. Definitions.- (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,- ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (o) "non-performing asset" means an asset or account of a borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial ins....
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....sp; ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4. ASSET CLASSIFICATION 4.1 Categories of NPAs Banks are required to classify nonperforming assets further into the following three categories based on the period for which the asset has remained nonperforming and the realisability of the dues: i. Substandard Assets ii. Doubtful Assets iii. Loss Assets 4.1.1 Substandard Assets With effect from March 31, 2005, a sub-standard asset would be one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months. Such an asset will have well defined credit weaknesses that jeopardise the liquidation of the debt and are characterised by the distinct possibility that the banks will sustain some loss, if deficiencies are not corrected. 4.1.2 Doubtful Assets With effect from March 31, 2005, an asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the sub-standard category for a period of 12 months. A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in assets that were classified as substandard, with the added char....
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....Further, unlike international banks the banks and financial institutions in India do not have power to take possession of securities and sell them. Our existing legal framework relating to commercial transactions has not kept pace with the changing commercial practices and financial sector reforms. This has resulted in slow pace of recovery of defaulting loans and mounting levels of non-performing assets of banks and financial institutions. Narasimham Committee I and II and Andhyarujina Committee constituted by the Central Government for the purpose of examining banking reforms have considered the need for changes in the legal system in respect of these areas. These Committees, inter alia, have suggested enactment of a new legislation for securitisation and empowering banks and financial institutions to take possession of the securities and to sell them without the intervention of the court. The provisions of the Ordinance would enable banks and financial institutions to realise long-term assets, manage problem of liquidity, asset liability mismatches and improve recovery by exercising powers to take possession of securities, sell them and reduce non-performing assets by adopting m....
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....tes the needs of its own people, that its experience and its discriminations are based on adequate grounds. (2) The presumption may be rebutted in certain cases by showing that on the face of the statute, there is no classification at all and no difference peculiar to any individual or class and not applicable to any individual or class and not applicable to any other individual or class and yet the law hits only a particular individual or class. (3) The principle of equality does not mean that every law must have universal application for all persons who are not by nature, attainment or circumstances in the same position and the varying needs of different classes of persons often require separate treatment. (4) The principle does not take away from the State the power of classifying persons for legitimate purposes. (5) Every classification is in some degree likely to produce some inequality and mere production of inequality is not enough. (6) If a law deals equally with members of a well defined class, it is not obnoxious and it is not open to the charge of denial of equal protection on the ground that it has no application to other person. (7) While reasonable c....
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....egislation but on that account alone it cannot be struck down as invalid. The Courts cannot be converted into tribunals for relief from such crudities and inequities. ... The Court must therefore adjudge the constitutionality of such legislation by the generality of its provisions and not by its crudities or inequities or by the possibilities of abuse of any of its provisions. The Court must defer to legislative judgment in matters relating to social and economic policies and must not interfere, unless the exercise of legislative judgment appears to be palpably arbitrary." (emphasis supplied) 31. The constitutional vires of Sections 13, 15, 17 and 34 of the SARFAESI Act fell for consideration before the Supreme Court in Mardia Chemicals Ltd. and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., (2004) 4 SCC 311. It was contended before the Apex Court that the SARFAESI Act vested arbitrary powers in the banks without any guidelines for the exercise thereof and also without appropriate and adequate mechanism to decide the disputes relating to the correctness of the demand. While dealing with constitutionality of the impugned provisions therein, the ....
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....215;past due' when it has not been paid within 30 days from the due date. Due to the improvements in the payment and settlement systems, recovery climate, upgradation of technology in the banking system, etc. it was decided to dispense with ‗past due' concept, with effect from 31-3- 2001. Accordingly, as from that date, a non-performing asset (NPA) shall be an advance where (i) interest and/or instalment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of a term loan, (ii) the account remains ‗out of order' for a period of more than 180 days, in respect of an overdraft/cash credit (OD/CC), (iii) the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted, (iv) interest and/or instalment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purposes, and (v) any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of other accounts. 4.2.2. Banks should establish appropriate internal systems to eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the identi....
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....hether any essential legislative function has been delegated by the legislature in the facts and circumstances of the present case? 35. In India, legislatures, consistent with their sovereign character, have been held to possess wide powers of delegation. This power is, however, subject to one important limitation. The legislature cannot delegate essential legislative functions, which consist in the determination or choosing of the legislative policy and of formally enacting that policy into a binding rule of conduct. The legislature cannot delegate "uncanalised and uncontrolled power"; the power delegated must not be "unconfined and vagrant", but must be "canalised within banks that keep it from overflowing". The "banks", that set the limits of the power delegated, are to be constructed by the legislature by declaring the policy of the law and by laying down standards for guidance of those on whom the power to execute the law is conferred. So, the delegation is valid only when the legislative policy and guidelines to implement it are adequately laid down and the delegate is only empowered to carry out the policy within the guidelines laid down by the legislature. (See: Principl....
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.... cannot delegate uncanalised and uncontrolled power. The legislature must set the limits of the power delegated by declaring the policy of the law and by laying down standards for guidance of those on whom the power to execute the law is conferred. Thus the delegation is valid only when the legislative policy and guidelines to implement it are adequately laid down and the delegate is only empowered to carry out the policy within the guidelines laid down by the legislature. The legislature may, after laying down the legislative policy, confer discretion on an administrative agency as to the execution of the policy and leave it to the agency to work out the details within the framework of the policy. When the Constitution entrusts the duty of law-making to Parliament and the legislatures of States, it impliedly prohibits them to throw away that responsibility on the shoulders of some other authority. An area of compromise is struck that Parliament cannot work in detail the various requirements of giving effect to the enactment and, therefore, that area will be left to be filled in by the delegatee. Thus, the question is whether any particular legislation suffers from excessive delega....
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.... invalidate a legislation on the ground of delegation of essential legislative function or on the ground of conferring unguided, uncontrolled and vague powers upon the delegate without taking into account the preamble of the Act as also other provisions of the statute in the event they provide good means of finding out the meaning of the offending statute. This aspect of the matter has been considered in some detail in People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India [(2004) 2 SCC 476] and Andhra Bank v. B. Satyanarayana [(2004) 2 SCC 657 : 2004 SCC (L&S) 433] in which one of us was a member." (emphasis supplied) 41. In Delhi Race Club Limited v. Union of India and Ors., (2012) 8 SCC 680, after revisiting the law on the issue of constitutionality of the delegated legislation, the Supreme Court held as under:- "30. From the conspectus of the views on the question of nature and extent of delegation of legislative functions by the legislature, two broad principles emerge viz. (i) that delegation of non-essential legislative function of fixation of rate of imposts is a necessity to meet the multifarious demands of a welfare State, but while delegating such a functio....
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....kes a proper balance between social contract on one hand and the rights of the individual on the other hand. A famous American Supreme Court Judge, Frankfurter J. in Secretary of Agriculture v. Central Rois Refining Co. (94 L Ed 381) observed : "However, though while considering economic or most other legislation, the Court gives great latitude to the legislature when adjudging its constitutionality, a very different approach has to be adopted by the Court where the question of civil liberties and the fundamental rights under Part III of the Constitution arise. ... As regards economic and other regulatory legislation, judicial restraint must be observed by the Court and greater latitude must be given to the legislative while adjudging the constitutionality of the statute, because the court does not consist of economic or administrative experts. It has no experience in these matters and in this age of specialization, when policies have to be laid down with great care after consulting the specialities in the field, it will be wholly unwise for the court to encroach into the domain of the executive or legislature and try to enforce its views and perception.‖  ....
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....hat has been done is irrational and unreasonable. Nothing has been placed before us to show that the classification is irrational or unreasonable. In any event, the classification between different banks and financial institutions is founded on an intelligible differentia and the said differentia has a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved. 48. A reading of the RBI Circular dated 01st July 2013 makes it amply clear that every NPA would fall either in the category of sub-standard or doubtful or loss asset. Thus, the submission of learned counsel for the petitioners that a sub-standard asset may not fall in the definition of NPA is not correct as in all cases where there has been default in repayment of interest and / or principal beyond ninety days, the account would be a sub- standard account and would also be covered by the definition of NPA. 49. We are also of the view that there is no discretion vested with the Bank under Section 2(1)(o) of SARFAESI Act to pick and choose an account as an NPA at its own whim and fancy. In declaring an account as an NPA, the Banks have to act in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the various Circulars / Guidelines....