Russian oil purchases may trigger proposed targeted tariffs, with periodic reassessment based on countries' purchasing behaviour. Proposed United States measures would authorise sanctions against Russia and persons supporting its war in Ukraine, while permitting targeted tariffs on imports from countries purchasing substantial volumes of Russian oil or gas or facilitating sanctions evasion. The framework identifies major purchasers and shadow-fleet facilitators for possible additional tariffs and provides for periodic reassessment and tariff adjustments based on purchasing behaviour. India stated that its energy-security policy rests on national priorities and diversified energy sources.
Money-laundering proceedings face challenge over absent predicate offence, alleged lack of criminal intent, and treatment of related FIRs. Money-laundering proceedings linked to alleged diversion of homebuyer funds are challenged on the ground that no scheduled offence or criminal intent is attributable to the petitioner. The petitioner relies on his asserted exoneration in two predicate FIRs, where charge sheets did not name him, and settlement of the remaining FIR. Notice was issued for a response and status report, and the petitioner undertook to cooperate with the investigation.
Rupee appreciation reflected foreign capital inflows and central bank support, tempered by crude prices and geopolitical tensions. Rupee appreciation against the US dollar was linked to sustained foreign capital inflows and Reserve Bank support through dollar selling. Higher crude oil prices, a stronger US dollar and geopolitical tensions in West Asia constrained further gains. A slightly positive near-term rupee bias was associated with softer dollar conditions, dovish US monetary expectations, favourable global markets and improved foreign inflows, while geopolitical risks remained relevant. Domestic equity indices rose, foreign-exchange reserves increased, and fiscal-deficit data showed the central government's position against its full-year target.
India-UK trade agreement enables duty-free access and bilateral cooperation on investment, technology, and strategic partnership. The India-UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement provides zero-duty market access in the UK for nearly 99 per cent of India's exports and is intended to expand bilateral trade and investment opportunities. The governments committed to maximise its benefits through the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, including cooperation on technology, innovation, security, clean energy, education and people-to-people links. Advanced technology collaboration, including artificial intelligence, is also contemplated.
Excise duty increases on cigarettes pressured profitability, while calibrated pricing and FMCG growth supported market resilience. Excise duty increases on cigarettes affected consolidated profitability, prompting calibrated pricing and portfolio measures to protect market share and limit migration to illicit trade. The cigarette portfolio was re-architected across price points through value-accretive offerings and staggered pricing actions. Non-cigarette FMCG growth was supported by demand for packaged foods, dairy and personal-care products. Input-cost inflation was mitigated through inventory cover, commodity hedging and price-volume rebalancing amid crude-price volatility, supply-chain disruption and imported inflation concerns.
One-Time Settlement Scheme offers final pre-GST tax dispute resolution relief before stricter recovery action against defaulters begins. The One-Time Settlement Scheme 2025 for pre-GST tax dues has been extended until September 30. Eligible taxpayers may resolve pending legacy tax disputes with full waiver of interest and penalties and slab-wise relief in principal tax. After the deadline, recovery action may be intensified under applicable tax laws and the Punjab Land Revenue Act, including property attachment, auction and freezing of bank accounts. The department also supports amicable settlement of tax disputes through the SAMADHAN initiative.
Bilateral trade agreement implementation supports expanded trade, investment and strategic cooperation through technology, security, clean energy and community links. The India-UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement was identified as a framework for expanding bilateral trade and investment opportunities following its operationalisation. The two governments proposed closer cooperation to use the agreement for shared prosperity, while advancing their comprehensive strategic partnership through technology, innovation, defence, security, clean energy, education and people-to-people links.
Sectoral bank credit growth reflects broad-based expansion across industry, services, agriculture and personal loans, with slower credit-card growth. Sectoral bank credit growth accelerated across non-food lending, agriculture, industry, services and personal loans. Industrial credit expanded across micro and small, medium and large enterprises, with strong lending to infrastructure, engineering, food processing, textiles, construction, metals, petroleum-related products and chemical products. Services lending was supported by non-banking financial companies, commercial real estate and trade. Vehicle and housing loans maintained double-digit growth, while credit-card outstanding growth decelerated.
Biometric identification of protesters through alleged fingerprint-Aadhaar linkage was described alongside criminal-background profiling and database creation. Biometric identification of protesters through fingerprints recovered from alleged stone-pelting evidence was publicly described as a proposed investigative method. A minister stated that fingerprints allegedly found on stones would be linked with Aadhaar numbers to identify participants and examine their prior records. The account also referred to analysis and categorisation of detained protesters' criminal backgrounds, creation of a separate database, and proposed action against participants described as anti-social elements or persons with criminal records.
Offshore hydrocarbon exploration support funds high-risk deepwater drilling, shared infrastructure and data acquisition to strengthen domestic energy production. The National Offshore Exploration Scheme provides public support for deepwater and ultra-deepwater oil and gas exploration, including seismic and offshore data acquisition, exploratory drilling in frontier basins, and common production and evacuation infrastructure. It addresses the high cost and geological uncertainty of offshore drilling and includes technology adoption, digital programme management, capacity building and collaboration measures. The scheme seeks to expand domestic hydrocarbon discoveries and production, attract investment across the exploration and production value chain, and reduce reliance on imported oil and gas.
Foreign exchange reserves increased as foreign currency assets and gold holdings rose, alongside measures to attract forex inflows. India's foreign exchange reserves increased during the reporting week, principally because foreign currency assets and gold reserves rose. Foreign currency assets, expressed in United States dollar terms, include valuation effects from movements in currencies such as the euro, pound and yen. Special Drawing Rights and the reserve position with the International Monetary Fund declined. Measures including the FCNR(B) measure were reported as efforts to attract foreign-exchange inflows following rupee pressure and dollar-sales intervention.
Digital marketplace access for women's self-help group products expands e-commerce opportunities while panchayat-level citizen services are strengthened. Digital marketplace access for women's self-help group products is proposed through a memorandum of understanding between CSC eStore and the Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society. Products marketed under the 'Palash' and 'Adiva' brands are intended to be offered through an e-commerce network to widen market access, support rural women's income and entrepreneurship, and strengthen the rural economy. Digital panchayat services are also being expanded through Common Service Centres, including banking, e-governance and Aadhaar-related services.
Agricultural export facilitation expands market access for late-season mangoes through farmer aggregation and direct global market linkages. Agricultural export facilitation enabled an air shipment of late-season Neelam and Totapuri mangoes to an international market, expanding market access and extending the mango export season. Direct sourcing through a Farmer Producer Company supported organised aggregation, quality produce, and export-oriented supply chains. Direct procurement and export market linkages enabled participating farmers to realise higher returns than conventional market channels while promoting horticultural export diversification.
Cross-border digital payment integration enables real-time Favara transfers from Maldives mobile banking applications to UPI-enabled accounts in India. Cross-border digital payment integration between Favara and UPI enables individuals in the Maldives to make real-time person-to-person transfers to UPI-enabled bank accounts in India through mobile banking applications. Transfers are initiated in Maldivian Rufiyaa and credited in Indian Rupees. The initial service is available through participating Maldivian banks. Permitted remittances include family-maintenance transfers under foreign inward and outward remittance categories, and gift-related transfers under foreign outward remittance. Future phases are intended to introduce QR-based merchant payments and other digital payment services.
Procedural Fair Hearing in competition inquiries requires notice when the Commission departs from investigative findings before imposing action. Competition law procedure requires the Competition Commission to notify and hear an opposite party when departing from the Director General's findings. The penalty order concerning alleged abuse of dominance in viscose staple fibre supply was set aside because Grasim Industries was not given an opportunity to respond to the Commission's disagreement with the investigative findings. The matter was remanded for fresh, time-bound consideration without a finding on the merits.
Manufacturing contraction highlights weak domestic demand, property-sector pressure and continued reliance on technology-related exports for economic growth. Manufacturing activity in China contracted in July, as the official purchasing managers' index fell below the expansion threshold and new orders and production declined. Weak domestic demand, lower building activity and possible typhoon-related disruptions contributed to the slowdown. Consumer spending, investment and property-sector weakness continue to affect confidence, while technology-related exports support growth. Policy commitments include strengthening domestic consumption amid continued reliance on exports.
Public-private partnership airport development strengthens aviation, cargo logistics, export infrastructure and sustainable connectivity through an integrated international airport project. The Bhogapuram airport project is being implemented under a Public-Private Partnership through the Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer framework. It has obtained required aerodrome, safety, fire and environmental clearances and includes infrastructure for domestic and international aviation, passenger processing and airport security. Cargo and cold-chain facilities are intended to support exports and logistics integration, while recycled-water use and LEED Platinum standards form part of the project's sustainability features.
Rupee appreciation against the US dollar continued as foreign inflows and lower crude prices supported domestic currency markets. Rupee appreciation against the US dollar continued in early trading, supported by foreign capital inflows and lower global crude oil prices. A stronger US dollar constrained further appreciation, while expectations of continued Reserve Bank of India intervention were cited as supporting the rupee. Declining Brent crude prices, gains in domestic equity indices and net foreign institutional investment in equities were also identified as relevant market factors.
Value-added Makhana exports expand international market access, support quality compliance, and improve farmer returns through processing and branding. Agricultural export facilitation supported the first sea shipment of value-added flavoured Makhana from Bihar to Canada. Processed and packaged to international quality and food-safety standards, the export demonstrates the role of processing, value addition and export-oriented manufacturing in expanding overseas market access. The initiative is stated to improve farmer returns through value addition, while capacity building, export infrastructure, quality compliance, market linkages and stakeholder collaboration support the agri-export ecosystem.
Market access for Indian pharmaceuticals remains central to bilateral efforts to promote sustainable trade and economic cooperation. Enhanced market access for Indian products, particularly pharmaceuticals, was raised in discussions aimed at strengthening bilateral trade and economic ties. The discussions addressed sustainable trade, and the sides agreed to increase mutual cooperation and communication. India continues to seek greater access to China's information technology, pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors, while pursuing increased pharmaceutical exports and Chinese investment. Bilateral trade increased, but India's trade deficit widened, reflecting an ongoing imbalance in trade flows.
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs took up a comprehensive revision of the Companies Act, 1956 (the Act) in 2004 keeping in view that not only had the number of companies in India expanded from about 30,000 in 1956 to nearly 7 lakhs, Indian companies were also mobilizing resources at a scale unimaginable even a decade ago, continuously entering into and bringing new activities into the fold of the Indian economy. In doing so, they were emerging internationally as efficient providers of a wide range of goods and services while increasing employment opportunities at home. At the same time, the increasing number of options and avenues for international business, trade and capital flows had imposed a requirement not only for harnessing entrepreneurial and economic resources efficiently but also to be competitive in attracting investment for growth. These developments necessitated modernization of the regulatory structure for the corporate sector in a comprehensive manner.
2. Earlier, a Bill called Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2003 had been introduced by M/o Corporate Affairs (MCA) (then Department of Company Affairs) in the Rajya Sabha on 7.5.2003. Later on, a large number of changes were found to be necessary in the Bill. A decision was, therefore, taken to carry out a comprehensive review of the Companies Act, 1956 and to introduce a new Companies Bill for the consideration of the Parliament.
3. The review and redrafting of the Companies Act, 1956 was taken up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs on the basis of a detailed consultative process. A `Concept Paper on new Company Law' was placed on the website of the Ministry on 4th August, 2004. The inputs received were put to a detailed examination in the Ministry. The Government also constituted an Expert Committee on Company Law under the Chairmanship of Dr. J.J. Irani on 2nd December 2004 to advise on new Companies Bill. The Committee submitted its report to the Government on 31st May 2005. Detailed consultations were also taken up with various Ministries, Departments and Government Regulators. The Bill was thereafter drafted in consultation with the Legislative Department of the Central Government.
4. The Companies Bill, 2008 seeks to enable the corporate sector in India to operate in a regulatory environment of best international practices that fosters entrepreneurship, investment and growth and provides for :-
(i) The basic principles for all aspects of internal governance of corporate entities and a framework for their regulation, irrespective of their area of operation, from incorporation to liquidation and winding up, in a single, comprehensive, legal framework administered by the Central Government. In doing so, the Bill also harmonizes the Company law framework with the imperative of specialized sectoral regulation
(ii) Articulation of shareholders democracy with protection of the rights of minority stakeholders, responsible self-regulation with disclosures and accountability, substitution of government control over internal corporate processes and decisions by shareholder control. It also provides for shares with differential voting rights to be done away with and valuation of non-cash considerations for allotment of shares through independent valuers.
(iii) Easy transition of companies operating under the Companies Act, 1956, to the new framework as also from one type of company to another.
(iv) A new entity in the form of One-Person Company (OPC) while empowering Government to provide a simpler compliance regime for small companies. Retains the concept of Producer Companies, while providing a more stringent regime for not-for-profit companies to check misuse. No restriction proposed on the number of subsidiary companies that a company may have, subject to disclosure in respect of their relationship and transactions/dealings between them.
(iv) Application of the successful e-Governance initiative of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA-21) to all the processes involved in meeting compliance obligations. Company processes, also to be enabled to be carried out through electronic mode. The proposed e-Governance regime is intended to provide for ease of operation for filing and access to corporate data over the internet to all stakeholders, on round the clock basis.
(v) Speedy incorporation process, with detailed declarations/ disclosures about the promoters, directors etc. at the time of incorporation itself. Every company director would be required to acquire a unique Directors identification number.
(vi) Facilitates joint ventures and relaxes restrictions limiting the number of partners in entities such as partnership firms, banking companies etc. to a maximum 100 with no ceiling as to professions regulated by Special Acts.
(vii) Duties and liabilities of the directors and for every company to have at least one director resident in India. The Bill also provides for independent directors to be appointed on the Boards of such companies as may be prescribed, along with attributes determining independence. The requirement to appoint independent directors, where applicable, is a minimum of 33% of the total number of directors.
(ix) Statutory recognition to audit, remuneration and stakeholders grievances committees of the Board and recognizes the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and the Company Secretary as Key Managerial Personnel (KMP).
(x) Companies not to be allowed to raise deposits from the public except on the basis of permission available to them through other Special Acts. The Bill recognizes insider trading by company directors/KMPs as an offence with criminal liability.
(xi) Recognition of both accounting and auditing standards. The role, rights and duties of the auditors defined as to maintain integrity and independence of the audit process. Consolidation of financial statements of subsidiaries with those of holding companies is proposed to be made mandatory.
(xii) A single forum for approval of mergers and acquisitions, along with concept of deemed approval in certain situations.
(xiii) A separate framework for enabling fair valuations in companies for various purposes. Appointment of valuers is proposed to be made by audit committees.
(xiii) Claim of an investor over a dividend or a security not claimed for more than a period of seven years not being extinguished, and Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) to be administered by a statutory Authority.
(xv) Shareholders Associations/Group of Shareholders to be enabled to take legal action in case of any fraudulent action on the part of company and to take part in investor protection activities and 'Class Action Suits'. (xvi) A revised framework for regulation of insolvency, including rehabilitation, winding up and liquidation of companies with the process to be completed in a time bound manner. Incorporates international best practices based on the models suggested by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).
(xvii) Consolidation of fora for dealing with rehabilitation of companies, their liquidation and winding up in the single forum of National Company Law Tribunal with appeal to National Company Law Appellate Tribunal. The nature of the Rehabilitation and Revival Fund proposed in the Companies (Second Amendment) Act, 2002 to be replaced by Insolvency Fund with voluntary contributions linked to entitlements to draw money in a situation of insolvency.
(xviii) A more effective regime for inspections and investigations of companies while laying down the maximum as well as minimum quantum of penalty for each offence with suitable deterrence for repeat offences. Company is identified as a separate entity for imposition of monetary penalties from the officers in default. In case of fraudulent activities/actions, provisions for recovery and disgorgement have been included.
(xix) Levy of additional fee in a non-discretionary manner for procedural offences, such as late filing of statutory documents, to be enabled through rules. Defaults of procedural nature to be penalized by levy of monetary penalties by the Registrars of Companies. The appeals against such orders of Registrars of Companies to lie with suitably designated higher authorities.
(xx) Special Courts to deal with offences under the Bill. Company matters such as mergers and amalgamations, reduction of capital, insolvency including rehabilitation, liquidations and winding up are proposed to be addressed by the National Company Law Tribunal/ National Company Law Appellate Tribunal.
Corporate governance reform: new framework strengthens director duties, independent directors, investor protections and streamlined insolvency and dispute forums.
The Bill creates a comprehensive corporate law framework covering incorporation through liquidation, emphasizes corporate governance by strengthening shareholder rights, disclosures, independent directors and directors' duties, mandates unique director identification and electronic compliance, introduces One-Person Companies and tighter regimes for not-for-profits, restricts public deposit raising, criminalizes insider trading by directors/KMPs, requires consolidated financial statements and independent valuation, and consolidates insolvency, merger and liquidation adjudication into specialised tribunals with time-bound rehabilitation and enhanced enforcement measures.
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