London, Apr 11 (AP) Many of the world's largest shipping nations decided on Friday to impose a minimum fee of USD 100 for every ton of greenhouse gases emitted by ships above certain thresholds, in what is effectively the first global tax on greenhouse gas emissions.

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) estimates USD 11 billion to USD 13 billion in revenue annually from the fees, with the money to be put into its net zero fund to invest in fuels and technologies needed to transition to green shipping, reward low-emission ships and support developing countries so they aren't left behind with dirty fuels and old ships.

The thresholds set through the agreement will get stricter over time to try to reach the IMO's goal of net zero across the industry by about 2050.

The agreement, reached with the United States notably absent, is expected to be formally adopted at an October meeting to take effect in 2027. The IMO, which regulates international shipping, also set a marine fuel standard to phase in cleaner fuels.

Shipping emissions have grown over the last decade to about 3 per cent of the global total as vessels have gotten bigger, delivering more cargo per trip and using immense amounts of fuel.

IMO Secretary-General Arsenio Dominguez said the group forged a meaningful consensus in the face of complex challenges to combat climate change and modernise shipping. The shipping industry is on track to meet the net zero goal, he added.

Some environmentalists at the meeting called the agreement a “historic decision” that doesn't go far enough. The fee doesn't drive enough emission reductions and it won't raise enough revenue to help developing countries transition to greener shipping, said Emma Fenton, senior director for climate diplomacy at a UK-based climate change nonprofit, Opportunity Green.

Fenton said the measure actually opens the door for a scenario where ships can pay to pollute instead of decarbonise, because it could be cheaper to simply absorb the fee than to make changes to reduce emissions, like switching fuels.

“The IMO has made a historic decision, yet ultimately one that fails climate-vulnerable countries and falls short of both the ambition the climate crisis demands and that member states committed to just two years ago,” they said.

Other groups welcomed the agreement as a step in the right direction.

“By approving a global fuel standard and greenhouse gas pricing mechanism, the International Maritime Organisation took a crucial step to reduce climate impacts from shipping.

“Member states must now deliver on strengthening the fuel standard over time to more effectively incentivise the sector's adoption of zero and near-zero fuels, and to ensure a just and equitable energy transition,” said Natacha Stamatiou of the Environmental Defence Fund.

The previous day, delegates approved a proposal to designate an emissions control area in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. Ships travelling through the area will have to abide by more stringent controls on fuels and their engines to reduce pollution.

It will cover ships coming into and leaving ports in the North Atlantic, such as the United Kingdom, Greenland, France and the Faroe Islands. It will oblige ships from North America, Asia and many other destinations to reduce emissions, said Sian Prior, lead adviser to the Clean Arctic Alliance.

The Marine Environment Protection Committee, which is part of the IMO, has been in meetings all week in London and finalised its decision Friday.

One major issue during the meetings was the way the fee would be charged.

More than 60 countries entered the negotiations pushing for a simple tax charged per metric ton of emissions. They were led by Pacific island nations, whose very existence is threatened by climate change.

Other countries with sizable maritime fleets — notably China, Brazil, Saudi Arabia and South Africa — wanted a credit trading model instead of a fixed levy.

Finally, a compromise between the two models was reached. The compromise is in the ambition of the measure, since the fee is not a universal levy on all emissions.

The IMO aims for consensus in decision-making, but in this case had to vote. Sixty-three nations, including China, Brazil, South Africa and many European states, approved the agreement.

Led by Saudi Arabia, 16 opposed. And 24 nations, including a group from the Pacific Islands, abstained. Ministers from the island nations said they refused to support an agreement that would “do too little, too late to cut shipping emissions and protect their islands,” and will try to strengthen it at the October meeting.

“We came as climate vulnerable countries— with the greatest need and the clearest solution. And what did we face? Weak alternatives from the world's biggest economies,” Simon Kofe, Tuvalu's minister for transport, energy, communication and innovation, said in a statement.

Brazil's negotiator, who wasn't identified by name in a livestream of the closing, said the agreement isn't intended to be perfect because each nation would have a different answer on what would be perfect.

But he said nations listened to each other and came up with a framework to address climate change in an extremely challenging geopolitical environment.

The United States didn't participate in the negotiations in London and urged other governments to oppose the emission measures being considered.

The Trump administration said it would reject any efforts to impose economic measures against its ships based on emissions or fuel choice, which it said would burden the sector and drive inflation. It threatened possible reciprocal measures if any fees are charged.

When asked about the United States' position in a press conference, Secretary-General Dominguez said large ships travelling between different countries are obliged to comply with the IMO's regulations. He said nations with concerns should engage with the IMO, to move forward together.

Dominguez also addressed concerns that the targeted reductions in carbon intensity for fuels aren't strict enough to reduce the use of liquefied natural gas as a marine fuel, which emits greenhouse gases when burned. He said it's a “transition fuel,” or a bridge to cleaner fuels, and the IMO will continue to look at its environmental impacts in addressing its use. (AP) NPK NPK