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<h1>Clarifying 'Dividend' Under Section 2(22) of Income-tax Act: What Counts and What Doesn't in Shareholder Distributions.</h1> The term 'dividend' under section 2(22) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, encompasses various distributions by a company to its shareholders, including distributions of accumulated profits, debentures, or shares upon liquidation or capital reduction. It also includes payments made as advances or loans to significant shareholders. However, certain distributions, such as those made for shares issued for full cash consideration or in the ordinary course of business, are excluded. The definition clarifies that 'accumulated profits' do not include specific capital gains and provides guidelines for calculating profits in cases of amalgamation or government acquisition.