2025 (8) TMI 1194 - HC - Income Tax

Ad-interim stay on penalty under section 270A; proceedings to proceed based on final assessment or section 92CD(1) return

Man Truck & Bus India Private Limited Versus The Assessment Unit, Income-tax department and Ors.

Man Truck & Bus India Private Limited Versus The Assessment Unit, Income-tax department and Ors. - TMI ISSUES PRESENTED AND CONSIDERED 1. Whether penalty proceedings under Section 270A of the Income Tax Act can be sustained where the taxpayer filed a modified return under Section 92CD(1) after entering into an Advanced Pricing Agreement (APA) with CBDT, and no assessment order has been passed under Section 92CD(3) within the statutory period. 2. Whether the quantum of penalty must be computed with reference to the income declared in the modified return filed under Section 92CD(1) (approx. Rs. 14.16 Crores) rather than the amount of transfer-pricing adjustment in the original assessment order (Rs. 39.15 Crores). 3. Whether the levy of penalty is vitiated by failure of the authority to grant a virtual hearing to the taxpayer prior to passing the penalty order. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS Issue 1 - Sustainment of penalty proceedings where modified return under Section 92CD(1) filed and no order passed under Section 92CD(3) Legal framework: Section 92CD(1) permits filing of a modified return after an APA is entered into with the CBDT; Section 92CD(3) contemplates passing of an order on the modified return within the statutory period. Section 270A prescribes penalty for under-reporting/misreporting of income. Precedent Treatment: The judgment does not cite or apply any binding precedents on the point; the Court considered statutory scheme and interplay between Sections 92CD and 270A as presented. Interpretation and reasoning: The Court treated the filing of a modified return under Section 92CD(1) and the absence of an order under Section 92CD(3) within the prescribed time as materially affecting the basis upon which penalty can be levied. The Tribunal noted that if the modified return stands unadjudicated within the statutory period, it bears on the final taxable income figure which informs any penalty calculation under Section 270A. Ratio vs. Obiter: The core holding that penalty proceedings cannot properly be predicated on the original assessment amount where a timely-filed modified return under Section 92CD(1) is pending adjudication is ratio for the present interim order. Any broader pronouncement on finality of modified returns absent Section 92CD(3) adjudication is left open (obiter). Conclusions: A prima facie case exists that penalty proceedings premised on the earlier assessment are unsustainable while the modified return under Section 92CD(1) remains to be adjudicated under Section 92CD(3); hence interim relief was warranted. Issue 2 - Proper basis for computing quantum of penalty: modified return amount (Rs. 14.16 Crores) v. original assessment adjustment (Rs. 39.15 Crores) Legal framework: Section 270A directs penalty calculation based on under-reported income; the taxable quantum is relevant to determine the extent of under-reporting/misreporting. Section 92CD(1) and (3) affect the taxable quantum where an APA modifies transfer pricing adjustments. Precedent Treatment: No precedents were applied to dictate the formula for computation; the Court relied on statutory logic that the declared income in a valid modified return governs penalty computation. Interpretation and reasoning: The Court observed that the impugned penalty order had taken the transfer-pricing adjustment as Rs. 39.15 Crores (per the earlier assessment) rather than the figure reflected in the modified return filed post-APA (approx. Rs. 14.16 Crores). Because Section 92CD(1) seeks to alter the return and thereby the assessed income, the penalty - if leviable at all - should be measured against the income brought to tax in the modified return, not the superseded assessment figure. Ratio vs. Obiter: The directive that, prima facie, the penalty (if sustained) should be computed with reference to the modified return figure is ratio for the interim relief granted. The Court did not finally determine the legal question of absolute entitlement to penalty based on the modified return; that remains for final adjudication. Conclusions: For interim purposes, the Court held it was arguable that penalty ought to be based on the modified return figure (Rs. 14.16 Crores) rather than the original assessment (Rs. 39.15 Crores), supporting a stay of recovery of the penalty assessed on the larger figure. Issue 3 - Requirement of virtual hearing prior to passing penalty order Legal framework: Principles of natural justice require opportunity of hearing before adverse administrative action; the judgment treats the obligation to grant an opportunity (including virtual hearing where operationally mandated) as material to validity of penalty proceedings. Precedent Treatment: No specific case law was applied; the Court assessed the procedural fairness requirement on the facts presented. Interpretation and reasoning: The petitioner asserted that a virtual hearing (opportunity to be heard) was mandatory and was not provided before the penalty order. The Court recognized this as a separate ground challenging the validity of the penalty order and treated failure to grant such an opportunity as potentially vitiating the order. Ratio vs. Obiter: The observation that lack of a hearing may vitiate the penalty order is a determinative interim consideration (ratio for grant of interim relief). The Court did not finally adjudicate whether the omission ultimately invalidates the penalty order; that will be decided on final hearing. Conclusions: The absence of a virtual hearing before levying penalty was held to be a substantial procedural objection that contributed to the prima facie case for interim relief. Relief granted and interlocutory directions (operative conclusions) The Court found a prima facie case in favour of the challenges (interplay of Section 92CD and Section 270A; quantum to be based on modified return; failure to grant virtual hearing), and granted ad-interim relief staying operation and recovery of the impugned penalty order pending further hearing. The Court also directed the revenue to file any affidavit in reply by a specified date and listed the matter for further hearing on an indicated date.