2025 (8) TMI 972 - AT - Income Tax

One-time life membership fee treated as capital endowment apportioned over 40 years; no tax loss, section 11 exemption upheld

Council of Architecture Versus ITO (Exemption), Ward-1 (3), New Delhi

Council of Architecture Versus ITO (Exemption), Ward-1 (3), New Delhi - TMI 1. ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDERED Whether the one-time life membership fee received by a charitable trust from its members constitutes a revenue receipt or a capital receipt. Whether the one-time life membership fee should be included in the income for the purpose of application of income under Section 11 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. The validity of reopening assessment under Section 148 of the Income-tax Act with respect to treatment of the one-time life membership fee. 2. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS Issue 1: Nature of One-Time Life Membership Fee - Revenue Receipt or Capital Receipt Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 11 of the Income-tax Act provides exemption for income applied for charitable purposes. Precedents include decisions where entrance fees or one-time membership fees were treated either as revenue or capital receipts, such as: Cases where entrance fees were held to be revenue receipts. Cases where life membership fees were held to be capital receipts due to their enduring nature. Principles of real income theory and consistency in accounting treatment as recognized by the Supreme Court in the Excel Industries case. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The assessee is a statutory body and a registered charitable trust under Section 12AA of the Act. The one-time life membership fee is collected under statutory authority, governed by the Architects Act, 1972 and Council of Architecture Rules, 1973. The assessee has consistently treated the one-time life membership fee as a capital receipt by crediting it to an Endowment Fund and apportioned 1/40th annually as income. This consistent practice was accepted by the revenue for over 20 years without objection. The revenue's attempt to treat the entire one-time life membership fee as revenue receipt in the year of receipt was held to distort the financial structure and result in double taxation. The Court relied on the principle that timing differences in recognition of income, when tax rates remain unchanged, do not warrant additional tax liability as per the Supreme Court's ruling in Excel Industries. Key Evidence and Findings: Statutory backing for collection of the fee through Gazette Notifications and Council resolutions. Auditor's report and financial statements confirming the treatment of the fee as capital receipt and apportionment over 40 years. Past acceptance by the revenue of the assessee's method of accounting for the fee. Application of Law to Facts: The one-time life membership fee is of enduring nature and not a mere revenue receipt. The apportionment over 40 years aligns with accounting principles and avoids distortion of income. The revenue's reclassification of the entire fee as income in the year of receipt is inconsistent with the assessee's established practice and the nature of the fee. Treatment of Competing Arguments: Revenue's reliance on precedents treating entrance fees as revenue receipts was distinguished on facts, given the statutory nature and consistent accounting treatment. Assessee's reliance on precedents treating life membership fees as capital receipts was upheld. Revenue's reopening of assessment was challenged as unjustified since the issue was previously settled by consistent practice and statutory framework. Conclusion: The one-time life membership fee received by the assessee is a capital receipt and not a revenue receipt. The fee should not be fully included in income in the year of receipt for the purpose of exemption under Section 11. The assessee's method of apportioning 1/40th annually as income is correct and accepted. Issue 2: Application of Income and Exemption under Section 11 of the Income-tax Act Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 11 mandates that 85% of income should be applied for charitable purposes to claim exemption. Income includes revenue receipts but excludes capital receipts unless converted into income. Auditor's certification under Section 12AA and compliance with Sections 11 to 13. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The one-time life membership fee credited to the Endowment Fund is a capital receipt and thus not required to be applied immediately. The assessee has applied 85% of its income (excluding the capital receipt portion) for charitable purposes. The revenue's addition of the entire fee to income artificially inflated the income base, leading to an erroneous shortfall in application of income. Key Evidence and Findings: Financial statements and audit reports confirming compliance with Section 11 application requirements. Calculation by revenue showing a shortfall due to inclusion of the entire life membership fee as income. Application of Law to Facts: Since the one-time fee is capital in nature, it should not be considered for application calculation under Section 11. The assessee's application of income is sufficient and in accordance with the law. Treatment of Competing Arguments: Revenue's argument that the entire fee is income for application purposes was rejected due to the capital nature of the receipt. Assessee's consistent practice and statutory backing supported the exclusion of the fee from income for application calculation. Conclusion: The one-time life membership fee should be excluded from income for the purpose of computing application of income under Section 11. The assessee's claim for exemption is valid and should be allowed accordingly. Issue 3: Validity of Reopening Assessment under Section 148 Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 148 allows reopening of assessment if the Assessing Officer has reason to believe income has escaped assessment. Principles requiring that reopening must be based on tangible material and not mere change of opinion. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The issue of treatment of one-time life membership fee was settled by consistent practice and statutory provisions. The reopening was based solely on reclassifying the nature of the receipt, which was a matter of accounting treatment and timing difference. The reopening was held to be unjustified as it disturbed settled financial treatment without new material. Key Evidence and Findings: History of acceptance of the assessee's accounting treatment by the revenue. Absence of new material justifying reopening. Application of Law to Facts: The reopening was effectively an attempt to change the accounting treatment and timing of income recognition. Such a change without new material or justification is not permissible under Section 148. Treatment of Competing Arguments: Revenue's justification on ground of escaped income was rejected due to absence of fresh material. Assessee's contention of settled practice and absence of justification for reopening was accepted. Conclusion: The reopening of assessment under Section 148 was not justified and is dismissed. Cross-Issue Observations: The consistent accounting treatment of the one-time life membership fee as capital receipt with apportionment over 40 years aligns with principles of real income theory and avoids double taxation. The statutory framework governing the collection and utilization of the fee supports its treatment as capital receipt. Revenue's attempt to treat the entire fee as income in the year of receipt is inconsistent with long-standing practice and legal principles. The issue for assessment years 2012-13 and 2014-15 are identical and the same reasoning applies.