2025 (8) TMI 219 - HC - Income Tax

Derivative Trading Losses Classified as Business Losses Under Section 43(5), Allowing Set-Off Against Business Income

The HC held that losses from trading in derivatives are to be treated as business losses under the proviso to Sec. 43(5) and not as speculation losses. ... Loss on trading in future and options - whether it is business loss which can be set off against business income? - scope of explanation below Sec.73 and Circular No.204 dated 24.7.1976 - as submitted when the business consisting of purchase and sale of shares of other companies amounts to a speculation business, can it be said that the business in derivatives, which depend upon the value of the underlying shares, is anything other than a speculation business. HELD THAT:- As decided in Asian Financial Services Ltd [2016 (3) TMI 685 - CALCUTTA HIGH COURT] it is to be held that the loss incurred on account of derivatives would be deemed to be business loss under the proviso to section 43(5) and not speculation loss and, hence, Explanation to Section 73 could not be applied; as such, loss would be set off against income from business. Decided against revenue. ISSUES: Whether loss on trading in futures and options constitutes a business loss that can be set off against business income, notwithstanding the Explanation below Section 73 and Circular No.204 dated 24.7.1976 treating such loss as speculative loss which cannot be set off against other business income.Whether Section 73 of the Income Tax Act, 1961, being a specific provision, overrides the general provision under Section 43(5) regarding the characterization of speculative transactions.Whether trading in derivatives based on shares can be classified as speculation business under the Explanation to Section 73(4) of the Income Tax Act. RULINGS / HOLDINGS: The Court held that the loss incurred on account of derivatives trading is 'deemed to be business loss under the proviso to section 43(5)' and not speculative loss under the Explanation to Section 73, and therefore such loss can be set off against income from business.The Court rejected the revenue's contention that Section 73 is a specific provision overriding Section 43(5), holding instead that Section 43(5) defines 'speculative transaction' and that derivatives trading falls within the exceptions listed therein, thus qualifying as a deemed business distinct from speculation business.The Court clarified that the Explanation to Section 73(4) applies to shares but does not treat derivatives on shares as speculative transactions, noting that 'the legislature has treated them differently.' RATIONALE: The Court applied the legal framework under Group-D of Chapter-IV (Sections 28 to 44DB) of the Income Tax Act, which deals with profits and losses of business or profession, including the definition of speculative transactions under Section 43(5).The Court relied on the principle that 'speculation business shall be deemed to be distinct and separate from any other business' as per Explanation 2 to Section 28, and that losses from deemed speculation business are entitled to be set off against other business income unless expressly prohibited.The Court followed binding precedent from a Division Bench decision which held that derivatives trading constitutes deemed business under Section 43(5) and is not speculative business under Section 73, thereby overruling contrary views relying on the Explanation to Section 73(4).The Court distinguished the treatment of shares from derivatives, interpreting the phrase 'which fall squarely within the Explanation to Section 73(4)' as qualifying shares but not derivatives, thus rejecting the revenue's argument equating derivatives with shares for the purpose of speculation loss treatment.