Supreme Court limits AAC's power in tax assessments beyond ITO's review

Commissioner of Income-Tax, Calcutta Versus Rai Bahadur Hardutroy Motilal Chamaria

Commissioner of Income-Tax, Calcutta Versus Rai Bahadur Hardutroy Motilal Chamaria - [1967] 66 ITR 443 (SC) Issues Involved:
1. Legitimacy of the loans claimed by the assessee.
2. Authority of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner to enhance the assessment.
3. Jurisdiction of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner to assess new sources of income.

Issue-Wise Detailed Analysis:

1. Legitimacy of the Loans Claimed by the Assessee:
The assessee claimed to have borrowed three sums of Rs. 2,50,000, Rs. 1,50,000, and Rs. 30,000 from three parties from Nepal. The Income-tax Officer (ITO) added these amounts to the total income of the assessee, concluding that the loans were not genuine and represented secret profits from inflated jute purchases. The ITO noted the improbability of the cash reaching the Forbesganj branch on the same day it was withdrawn from a Calcutta bank, thus questioning the genuineness of the transactions.

2. Authority of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner to Enhance the Assessment:
The Appellate Assistant Commissioner (AAC) confirmed the ITO's addition of Rs. 4,30,000 and further included Rs. 5,85,000 in the total income of the assessee, after deducting Rs. 1,80,000 previously withdrawn, resulting in an enhancement of Rs. 4,05,000. The Appellate Tribunal later reduced this enhancement to Rs. 1,55,000, rejecting the assessee's contention that the AAC had no authority to enhance the income.

3. Jurisdiction of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner to Assess New Sources of Income:
The core issue was whether the AAC had jurisdiction to enhance the assessment by considering new sources of income not processed by the ITO. The High Court answered this question in the negative, relying on the principle that the AAC's power to enhance is limited to matters considered by the ITO. The Supreme Court upheld this view, stating that the AAC cannot travel outside the record to find new sources of income and that the power of enhancement is restricted to sources considered by the ITO for their taxability.

Detailed Judgment Analysis:

The Supreme Court examined Section 31 of the Income-tax Act, which outlines the powers of the AAC in disposing of an appeal, including the authority to confirm, reduce, enhance, or annul the assessment. The court referred to the precedent set in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Shapoorji Pallonji Mistry, which established that the AAC cannot enhance the assessment by discovering new sources of income not considered by the ITO.

The court also discussed Narrondas Manordass v. Commissioner of Income-tax, where it was held that the AAC's power extends to revising the entire assessment process, not just the matters appealed by the assessee. However, this power is confined to the sources of income considered by the ITO.

In the present case, the ITO noted the remittance of Rs. 5,85,000 but did not consider its taxability. The AAC, however, assessed this amount from a taxability perspective, which the court found to be beyond the AAC's jurisdiction. The court emphasized that the AAC's power of enhancement is limited to sources explicitly considered by the ITO for their taxability.

The Supreme Court concluded that the AAC had no jurisdiction to enhance the assessment based on the remittance of Rs. 5,85,000, as it was not considered by the ITO for its taxability. The court upheld the High Court's decision, answering the legal question in favor of the assessee and dismissing the appeal with costs.

Conclusion:
The Supreme Court affirmed that the AAC's power to enhance an assessment is confined to sources of income considered by the ITO for their taxability. The AAC cannot introduce new sources of income not processed by the ITO, thereby ensuring that the assessee's right to a fair assessment is protected. The appeal was dismissed, and the High Court's judgment was upheld.