Bona Fide Write-Off: contemporaneous evidence of debtor insolvency supports deductibility; subsequent litigation alone is insufficient.

A bona fide write-off is deductible if facts at the time reasonably show irrecoverability; contemporaneous ledger entries, assessee's notes and the debtor's statement indicating hopeless financial position supported deductibility, and reliance on subsequent litigation or winding-up steps does not alone prove recoverability. Evidence ignored by the fact finder that bears on debtor insolvency vitiates a contrary finding. Separate question of business asset use requires actual user in the relevant accounting year; past user or passive availability does not suffice absent material showing user in that year, so loss on sale was rightly disallowed.

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Issues: (i) Whether the write-off of amount due from New Era Textile Mills Ltd. of Rs. 94,513 in the accounting year ending 1957 was premature and therefore not allowable as a bad debt; (ii) Whether there was material to justify the Tribunal's conclusion that the Pagalkhana property at Nagpur was not used for the firm's business during the accounting year relevant to assessment year 1958-59; (iii) Whether, having found past user of the Pagalkhana property and that the business existed during the accounting year, the Tribunal was justified in rejecting the claim to allow the loss of Rs. 30,988 on sale of that property under section 10(2)(vii).

Issue (i): Whether the write-off of the New Era debt in the accounting year ending 1957 was premature and not deductible as a bad and doubtful debt.

Analysis: The question turns on factual circumstances bearing on irrecoverability at the time of write-off: the last payment by New Era was in October 1955 and the account was written off on December 31, 1957; a suit was filed in January 1957 and a decree on admission was obtained in 1961; the assessee produced notes indicating that during suit proceedings New Era's financial position appeared hopeless; a statement of New Era's managing director (recorded ex parte by the ITO) indicated New Era was becoming financially weak and later had no assets; the Tribunal relied on subsequent recovery efforts (continuing suit, correspondence for winding up and prosecution) to conclude the write-off was premature. The material on record included contemporaneous ledger entries, the assessee's notes about New Era's hopeless position discovered during suit proceedings, and the debtor-director's statement indicating financial weakness. The write-off date is a relevant circumstance but not conclusive; subsequent conduct may be considered where relevant. The Tribunal ignored or failed to consider materially relevant evidence (the debtor's statement and the assessee's contemporaneous notes) and treated continuation of litigation and winding-up steps as proof that the debt remained recoverable, without regard to whether those actions indicated bona fide prospects of recovery.

Conclusion: The write-off was not premature. The Tribunal's conclusion that the debt did not become bad in the accounting year is set aside and the assessee's claim is allowed in favour of the assessee, subject to reservations about quantum (notably the legal expenses component of Rs. 2,700).

Issue (ii): Whether there was material to justify the Tribunal's conclusion that the Pagalkhana property was not used for the firm's business during the accounting year.

Analysis: The Tribunal examined the evidence regarding actual user in the accounting year and found only minor expenditure entries (electricity, account books, corporation tax, trunk calls, small salary) but no evidence of actual business use in that year. The assessee argued past use, possible or passive user, and contended assets kept ready for use should qualify; however, that argument was not raised before the Tribunal and does not fall within the specific questions referred. The Tribunal's finding on actual user was an appraisal of evidentiary material rather than a purely legal construction.

Conclusion: There was sufficient material to support the Tribunal's conclusion that the Pagalkhana property was not actually used for business in the accounting year. The answer is against the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether, despite past user and existence of business, the Tribunal was justified in rejecting the claim to allow the loss on sale under section 10(2)(vii).

Analysis: The Tribunal found past use but no actual use in the accounting year and rejected any presumption that past use alone establishes current actual use. The contention that a presumption of continued user should be drawn was not within the scope of the Tribunal's reference and was not argued below; the entitlement to allowance under section 10(2)(vii) depends on actual use in the relevant accounting year and on material placed before the revenue authorities for that year.

Conclusion: The Tribunal was justified in rejecting the claim; the answer is against the assessee.

Final Conclusion: On the record and within the scope of the questions referred, the write-off of the New Era debt in the accounting year ending 1957 is held allowable in favour of the assessee subject to qualification on the legal expenses claim, while the claims in respect of the Pagalkhana property are rejected; the result is a partial success for the assessee.

Ratio Decidendi: A bona fide write-off of a debt is deductible if, on the facts existing at the time of write-off, the creditor could reasonably conclude irrecoverability; the time of write-off is a material circumstance, subsequent conduct is relevant only insofar as it bears on the bona fides and prospects of recovery, and a tribunal's refusal to consider material evidence bearing on the debtor's financial hopelessness vitiates a contrary finding.

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